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Cilia are
short, and many found all around the border or entire cell, they all beat rhythmically (coordinated in one direction)
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Flagella are
long, singular or several, found on both Bacteria and Eukaryotes, means on cell movement through liquid
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Bacterial Flagella are composed of? and motion is? Are they surrounded by plasma membrane?
Protein-"flagellin"
Rotates like "ship propeller"
They are not surrounded by plasma membrane
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Eukaryotic Flagella are composed of? and motion is? Are they surrounded by plasma membrane?
Protein: Microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement.
By undulation: side-to-side motion.
Yes they are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
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Tissues are
groups of cells working collectively and ex. would be muscle tissue.
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What issues faced with muticellularity?
1) cell-to-cell adhesion
2) communication between cells of an organism
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What structures enhance adhesion? And what are they called?
Between plant cells called Pectin
Between animal cells called Integrins
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What are found in animal cells
layers of gelatinous polysaccharides connected to cytoskeleton of adjacent cells
Tight Junctions (observed in epithelial tissues) Cell-to-cell attachments proteins line up and bind (water tight)
Special proteins in cell membrane of adjacent cells: Desmosomes (in epithelial and muscle)
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What links the cytoskeleton?
Proteins
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What are Gap Junctions?
in animals they are formed by a specialized protein that creat channels between cells these channels allow water, ions, and small molecules to move between adjacent cells
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What are plasmodesmata?
In plants they are communication portals, they are gaps in the cell walls create direct communication between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
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What are the structures which enhance cell-to-cell communication?
In Plants: Plasmodesmata
In Animals: Gap Junctions
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What is Diffusion?
If a molecule is physically capable of crossing the cell membrane, it simply diffuses across from the higher to lower concentration
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What is the act of diffusion referred to?
Moving along a concentration gradient
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What is the primary component of cell membranes?
Phosolipids
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Examples of substances/ molecules that can diffuse across cell membrane?
Breathing, steroid hormones
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Osmosis is?
A special type of diffusion where only water molecules are diffusing across the cell membrane. Ex. Sugars and salts
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The cell membrane is semipermeable which means?
It controls the passage of materials
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In nature there are three possible scenarios for cells what are they called?
- Hypertonic Soln.
- Hypotonic Soln.
- Isotonic Soln.
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What is Hypertonic Soln.?
Soln. surrounding/bathing cells has a higher # of solutes than inside of the cell
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What is Hypotonic Soln.?
Soln. surrounding/bathing the cell has a lower # of solutes than inside the cell
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What is Isotonic Soln.?
Soln. surrounding/bathing the cell is equal to the # of solutes as inside the cell
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What is Mediated Transport and which cell membrane structure would enable this?
When a molecule or substance that cnnot physically cross the cell membrane but must to sustain life. It need "help" crossing using a structure called a Protein channel
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What are the two major types of mediated transport?
- Facilitated diffusion
- Activation Transport
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What is facilitated Diffusion and give ex?
A molecule is transported from high to low however the transporter must assist the molecules through the membrane. Ex blood glucose/diabetes diagram
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Explain Activation Transport and give an ex?
Molecules are transported across the cell membrane against the # gradient. (from low to high) Because this goes against the way molecules move in nature it requires cellular energy to pump these molecules across. Ex Na/K ( sodium and potassium) pump in animals
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Endocytosis is and give ex?
The cell brings material/cell inside by engulfing it. Ex WBC
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Exocytosis is and give ex
The cell moves materials out of the cell within a membranous vesicle. The vesicle mambrane "fuses" with the cell membrane and the material is released outside of the cell. Ex waste, hormones, insulin
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