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Anthropic (A)
Human-modified, mollic-like, high in P
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Folistic (O)
Organic horizon, saturated for less than 30 days per normal year
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Histic (O)
Very high in organic content, wet during some part of the year
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Melanic (A)
Thick, black, high in organic matter (>6% organic C), common in volcanic ash
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Mollic (A)
- Prairie soils
- Thick, dark-colored, high base saturation (>50%), strong structure
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Ochric (A)
Too light-colored, low organic content or thin to be Miollic, may be hard and massive when dry
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Plaggen (A)
Human-made sodlike horizon created by years of manuring
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Umbric (A)
Same as Mollic except low base saturation (<50%)
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Agric (A or B)
Organic and clay accumulation just below plow layer (6-8")
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Albic (E)
Light-colored, clay and Fe and Al oxides mostly removed
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Argillic (Bt)
Silicate clay accumulation
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Calcic (Bk)
Accumulation of CaCO3 or CaCO3*MgCO3
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Cambic (Bw, Bg)
Changed or altered by physical movement or by chemical reactions, generally nonilluvial
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Duripan (Bqm)
Hard pan, strongly cemented by silica
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Fragipan (Bx)
Brittle pan, usually loamy textured, dense, coarse prisms
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Glossic (E)
Whitish eluvial horizon that tongues into a Bt horizon
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Gypsic (By)
Accumulation of gypsum
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Kandic (Bt)
Accumulation of low-activity clays
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Natric (Btn)
Argillic, high in sodium, columnar or prismatic structure
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Oxic (Bo)
- Tropical
- Highly weathered, primarily mixgture of Fe, Al oxides and nonsticky-type silicate clays
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Petrocalcic (Ckm)
Cemented clacic horizon
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Petrogypsic (Cym)
Cemented gypsic horizon
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Placic (Csm)
Thin pan cememnted with iron alone or with manganese or organic matter
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Salic (Bz)
Accumulation of salts
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Sombric (Bh)
Organic matter accumulation
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Spodic (Bh, Bs)
Organic matter, Fe and Al oxide accumulation
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Sulfuric (Cj)
Highly acidic with Jarosite mottles
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What is the major feature or characteristic that distinguishes the plaggen and anthropic from the other epipedons?
artificial (human-made)
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How many acres are in a township?
23,040
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How many sections in a township?
- 36
- 1 square mile each
- 1 square mile = 640 acres
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Categories of Soil Taxonomy, from broadest to most specific?
- Order
- Suborder
- Great Group
- Subgroup
- Family
- Series
- Soil Phase
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Epipedons
Surface horizons
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Endopedons
subsurface horizons
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Define soil phase
A subdivision of the series, it narrows down properties used in farm planning
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Entisol
- recent soils
- no naturally formed horizons (or just beginning)
- Ent
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Vertisol
- Inverted soils
- high content of swelling clays
- ert
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Inceptisol
- beginning soils
- master horizons dominate
- mild weathering, various conditions
- ept
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Mollisol
- soft, dark soils
- must have Mollic epipedon
- 50% base saturation
- semi-arid to moist grasslands
- oll
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Alfisol
- moderately weathered soils
- argillic/natric diagnostic horizon
- >35% base saturation (no mollic, oxic, spodic horizon)
- mildly acid
- alf
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Ultisol
- old weathered soils
- most soluble materials leached out
- argillic horizon <35% base saturation
- (strongly acid clays)
- Ult
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Aridisol
- Dry soils
- orchic epipedon
- usually high in salts
- id
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Spodosol
- Ash colored soils
- must have a spodic horizon
- humid climates
- od
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Histosol
- organic soils
- high organic matter
- water-saturated conditions
- measured by amount of decomp
- histic epipedon
- ist
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Gelisol
- frozen soils
- ice or permafrost
- el
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Andisol
- ando-like soils
- volcanic ash materials
- not much profile development
- and
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oxisol
- oxide soils
- oxic horizon
- tropical soils
- ox
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soil profile
a vertical section of the soil through all its horizons and extending into the parent material
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soil horizon
a layer of soil, approximately parallel to the soil surface, differing in properties and characteristics from adjacent layers below or above it
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truncated profile
having lost all or part of the upper soil horizon or horizons
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diagnostic horizon
horizons having specific soil characteristics that are indicative of certain classes of soils. horizons that occur at the soil surface are called epipedons. those that occur below the surface are diagnostic subsurface horizons
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illuviated horizon
a soil layer or horizon in which material carried from an overlying layer has been precipitated from solution or deposited from suspension. The layer of accumulation.
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eluviation
the removal of soil material in suspension from a layer or layers of a soil. usually, the loss of material is described by the term leaching.
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soil complex
- a mapping unit used in detailed soil surveys where two or more defined taxonomic units are so intimately intermixed geographically that it is undesirable or impractical, because of the scale being used, to separate them.
- Ocie-Gepp-Gatewood complex
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soil association
- grouping of soils found together in a geographical area
- consists of 2 or more soil series
- Creldon-Hoberg-Burden Association
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soil catena
a group of soils that commonly occur together in a landscape, each characterized by a different slope position and resulting set of drainage-related properties
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pedon
the smallest volume that can be called a soil. it has three dimensions. it extends downward to the depth of plant roots or to the lower limit of the genetic soil horizons. its lateral cross section is roughly hexagonal and ranges from 1 to 10 m2 in size depending on the variability in the horizons.
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particle size
- not limited to 2mm diameter
- fine-silty, loamy, coarse loamy, clayey, skeletal, etc.
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mineralogy
- dominant clay in system
- kaolinitic,, montmorellonitic, mixed, etc.
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clay activity
semiactive, active, superactive
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soil temp
- frigid<8C, 46F
- messic - 8-15C, 46-59F
- thermic - 15-22C, 59-72F
- hyperthermic - above 72, 22C
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soil reaction
acidic, calcareous, neutral
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the "unofficial" category, or the workable part of taxonomy
Soil Phase
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What is used as the mapping unit in MO soil surveys?
- Soil phase
- 5 randomly assigned numbers
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You'd use this, along with the soil survey, as a starting point for developing farm plans, to i.d. and develop erosion control practices or if you were a county assessor
Land Capability Classification System
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What would class 1 be in the Land Capability Classification System?
few, if any limitations on land use (good crop land)
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If land falls into the class range of 1-3 under the Land Capability Classification System, what would it be suitable for?
- row crop cultivation
- 2-3 more sloped than 1
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Class 4 for Land Capability Classification System?
marginally suited for cultivation
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Class 5 for Land Capability Classification System?
- limitation is something other than slope
- frequent overflow, large rocks or boulders
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Classes 6-8 in Land Capability Classification System?
- several use limitations
- 6-7-8 increasing slopes
- 8, maybe watershed areas, aesthetic values
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Land capability subclasses?
- e - erosion hazard
- w - water
- s - soil limitation (usually impermeable layer)
- c - climatic factor
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What type of land area description would you likely find east of the Mississippi River?
- metes and bounds
- creeks, fored road, trees
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what type of land area description would you find west of the Mississippi River?
- Quadrant/Putnam
- Rectangular survey system based on areas with square corners
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Principal meridian runs
- North - South
- T1N, T2N, T3N, principal meridian, T1S, T2S
- 6 mile intervals
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Base Line
- Runs East-West
- Base line is in Arkansas, south of Little Rock
- R29W, R28W, R20W...
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A township is how many miles squared?
36m2
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how many acres in a quadrant?
160
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when measuring chroma, is a higher or lower value indicative of a grayer soil?
lower the value, grayer the soil
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value measures blackness. if a soil was absolutely black, what value would it have?
- 0= absolute black
- 10=no black
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structure is
the shape of soil agregates
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platy means
long axis parallel to the surface (kind of oval shaped)
-
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soil structure - subangular/blocky
- corners may be rounded, but sort of cube-shaped
- more blocky as clay content increases
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soil structure - angular blocky
- almost perfect cube shaped
- faces flat, edges sharp
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prismatic structure?
flat tops, axis perpendicular to the soil surface. like little towers.
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columnar structure?
axis perpendicular to the soil surface but rounded tops
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most common soil structures in mo?
granular, subangular, angular blocky
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massive
extremely high clay content and particles fuse together
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friable
when the plow or till can break it apart easily
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Old horizon designation was O. New?
O
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Old designation was O1 or O2. New?
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Old designation A. New?
A
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What is the first mineral horizon?
A
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In the old designation, transition zones were indicated with a capital letter and a number. What do the new transitions look like?
Two capital letters
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Old designation A1. New?
A
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Old designation A2. New?
E
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Old designation A3. New?
AB or EB
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Old designations A & B?
E/B
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Old designations AC. New?
AC
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Old designation B. New?
B
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Old deisgnation B1. New?
BA or BE
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Old designation B2. New?
- B or Bw
- Only use Bw when no other subordinate is appropriate.
- So if we have B2t, what do we use? Bt2
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Old designation is B3. New?
BC or CB
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In the old designations, roman numerals signify change in parent materials. How is that indicated now?
By using a number in front of the capital letter
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