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How many species of primates are there?
191
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What are the anatomical characteristics of primates?
- clavicle
- halux or big face
- pectoral mammae
- simplex uterus
- pendulous penis
- scrotal testes
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Where do most tropics live?
in tropics
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Why are many primates endangered?
due to habitat destruction and bush meat
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Which primates are found in old world?
prosimians
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Where are the new world monkeys?
North and South America
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Where are the old world monkeys?
Africa and Asia
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Which primate is closely related to us?
apes
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What do primates mostly eat?
herbivores and fruitivores
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What type are Prosimians?
- Lemurs
- Tree Shrew
- Bush Babies
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Describe Lemurs.
- only live on Madagascar
- have multiple births (usually 2)
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What type of climate do new world monkeys live in?
tropical rain forests
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What families of primates live in new world?
- Family Callithricidae
- Family Cebidae
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What monkeys are in Family Callithricidae?
marmosets and tamarins
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What is the difference between marmosets and tamarins?
tamarins have longer incisors then marmosets
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Describe marmosets.
- multiple births are common
- male carries young to female for nursing
- yearling learn from their parents
- need family unit
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Where in their environment do marmosets and tamarins live?
high in trees
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Where do we find the family Cebidae?
from Mexico to South America
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What kind of tails do primates in the family Cebidae have?
prehensile tails
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Do primates in the family Cebidae have cheek pouches?
no
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Do primates in the family Cebidae have ischial pads? What are ischial pads?
- no
- thickenings on either side of anus from sitting on the ground
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What are some examples of primates in the family Cebidae?
- squirrel monkey
- spider monkey
- owl monkey
- capuchin monkey
- howler monkey
- wooly monkey
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Old World monkeys are in which family?
Family Cercopithecidae
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Where are old world monkeys?
from Africa and Asia
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Do old world monkeys have cheek pouches?
yes
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Do old world monkeys have prehensile tails?
no
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Do old world monkeys have ischial pads?
yes because many are ground dwellers
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What are some examples of old world monkeys?
- guenons
- vervets
- patas
- langurs
- macaques (rhesus, stump-tail, pig-tail)
- baboon
- drill
- mandrill
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What kind of eaters are folivorous monkeys and what kinds of stomachs do they have? What do we need to watch for?
- leaf eating monkeys
- sacculated stomachs
- bloat
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Which monkeys are folivorous monkeys?
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What are the two types of apes?
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What are some examples of lesser apes?
gibbons - Hylobates
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What are some examples of great apes?
- chimpanzee - Pan troglodytes
- gorilla - Gorilla gorilla
- orangutan - Pongo pygmaeus
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Which primates share 98% of our genes?
gorillas and chimps
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Can primates get human diseases?
yes, keepers wear masks and gloves because anything we can get, they can get
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What is the life span of a non-human primate?
- 10 - 55 years
- smaller species live shorter lives
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What typically causes behavior problems in non-human primates?
stress
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Psychological enrichment is required under which act for non-human primates?
Animal Welfare Act
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What is the difference between the old non-human primate habitats and the new ones?
- the old ones are concrete with metal bars
- the new ones look more like natural habitats and have much more psychological enrichment
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What kind of temperatures do non-human primates prefer?
warmer temperatures
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Which monkeys have menstrual cycles?
old world monkeys
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Which monkeys have sex skins (swell when in heat)?
old world monkeys
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What will male monkeys often do when stressed?
rape
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Do monkeys breed well in captivity?
yes
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Do female monkeys have the same reproductive problems as humans?
yes
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Poor mothering is common in monkeys. What do the monkeys do?
will not hurt the babies, just leave them on the ground and walk away
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What does a prepared monkey diet look like?
- primate diet
- monkey biscuit (25% for new world monkeys and 15% protein for old world monkeys)
- require vitamin C and D3 (new world monkeys)
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Should we give primates lots of fruit?
no
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Is it okay to give primates lots of vegetables?y
yes
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What is fibrous osteodystrophy? What causes it? What are the clinical signs?
- metabolic bone disease
- calcium and vitamin D deficiency
- reluctance to move, abnormal gait, folding fractures, swollen extremities
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What does starring mean in a primate?
threatening
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What do monkeys typically do when we manually restrain them?
scream, poop, and pee all at once
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Which primates do we normally have to use a dart gun on?
baboons and great apes
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Baboons and great apes learn who shoots the darts. What will they do?
avoid them or attack them
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How do we manually restrain small monkeys?
using gloves or towels
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How do we manually restrain large monkeys?
nets
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What is a restraint chair used for?
- used in research
- for constant infusions
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How do we get a monkey under anesthesia?
- give injection and then mask down using isoflurane
- intubate
- keep warm
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How do we position monkeys after inducing them under anesthesia and why?
- do not keep them sternal because it puts more weight on their chest
- have them sit up, lay on back or on side
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Where can we collect blood in a monkey?
- cephalic vein
- saphenous vein
- femoral vein
- jugular vein
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How do we identify the different monkeys?
- tattoo gums, chest, or abdomen
- computer chip
- individual appearance
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What is important to remember when we are giving oral medications to primates?
it must taste good or they will not take it
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What are the three types of herpes viruses that monkeys can get?
- herpes T
- herpes simplex
- herpes B
- herpes ateles
- simian agent 8
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What is Herpes T? Who are carries? Which monkeys can this be fatal to?
- oral and conjunctival ulcers
- carried by squirrel monkeys
- fatal in marmosets, aotus, and tamarins
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What is Herpes Simplex? Which monkeys can this be fatal to?
- fever blisters
- fatal in marmosets, aotus, and tamarins
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What is Herpes B? What are other names for this disease? Who are carriers? Who is this fatal to?
- oral ulcers and vesicles (little bumps)
- Monkey B, H. simiae
- fatal to humans - encephalomyelitis
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Who is the natural host for Herpes ateles? What can is cause in marmosets, aotus, and tamarins?
- natural host is the spider monkey
- can cause lymphoma in marmosets, aotus, and tamarins
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Who is the carrier for Simian agent 8? What does it cause in green monkeys?
- baboons are the carriers
- causes vesicles in green monkeys (african monkeys that live high in trees)
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What human diseases are most common in monkeys?
- rubella
- rubeola (measles)
- hepatitis A
- polio
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What are the different pox viruses in monkeys?
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What are the clinical signs of monkey pox?
- skin papules
- vesicles
- ulcers
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What does the yaba pox cause? What is the carrier of this disease?
- oncogenic - causes cancer
- carried by mosquitos
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What does BEMP stand for? Which monkeys does it affect? What are the clinical signs?
- benign epidermal monkey pox
- affects macaques
- see papules
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What do filoviruses cause?
hemorrhagic diseases
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Which types of monkeys do we see filoviruses in?
old world monkeys
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What are some different types of filoviruses?
- Simian Ebola-like filovirus (Reston virus)
- Ebola virus
- Marburg disease (green monkey disease)
- Simian hemorrhagic fever
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What are the different types of Retroviruses?
- Simian T-cell leukemia virus
- Simian retrovirus (SAIDS)
- Simian immunodeficiency viruses (related to HIV-2)
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What is the Picornavirus?
encephalomyocarditis
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What is the reservoir for Picornavirus? Who does it affect? WHat are the clinical signs?
- rodent reservoir
- affects elephants and primates
- sudden death, frothy from nose and mouth, lesions in the heart
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What are the most common zoonotic diseases?
- tuberculosis
- monkey B
- monkey pox
- ebola
- reston virus
- marburg disease
- hepatitis A/B
- rabies
- salmonellosis
- shigellosis
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What does tuberculosis cause?
granulomas in lungs and abdomen
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How often are primates tested from tuberculosis in captivity? After we give them the intradermal injection, how often do we check the spot?
- every 30 days
- check at 24, 48, and 72 hours
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Are false positives and negatives a problem when testing for tuberculosis?
yes
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What are some protozoa that affect monkeys?
- amoeba
- giardia
- flagellates
- balantidium
- toxoplasma
- plasmodium
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What are some worms that affect monkeys?
- nematodes (nodular worms, strongyloides, pinworms)
- acanthocephalans (prosthenorchis elegans)
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What are the common causes of enteritis in monkeys?
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What is the most common clinical sign of enteritis is monkeys?
diarrhea
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What are the different types of bacteria that can cause enteritis in monkeys?
- salmonella
- shigella
- ecoli
- campylobacter
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What is our main concern when a monkey gets enteritis?
- dehydration
- hard to get fluids in them and dehydration can kill them
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What are the causes of pneumonia in monkeys?
- measels
- influenza
- lung mites
- bacteria (most common reason)
- fungi
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What are the different dietary diseases in monkeys?
- scurvy
- metabolic bone disease
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What are the clinical signs of scurvy in monkeys?
- gum hemorrhages
- swelling of epiphyses
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What causes metabolic bone disease in monkeys? What are the clinical signs of this disease?
- vitamin D3 and Ca deficiency
- pathological fractures
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What are some other diseases in monkeys?
- SIV
- Simian T-lymphotrophic virus
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What are the clinical signs of allergies in monkeys?
respiratory, skin, or GI signs
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How do we treat allergies in monkeys?
can give Benadryl
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Which types of monkeys do we typically vaccinate? What kind of vaccines do we do?
- great apes
- tetanus, rabies, polio, measles
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Do monkeys live in groups or families?
yes, isolation can cause problems
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Do monkeys have a hierarchy in their groups?
yes
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What is trauma usually due to in monkeys?
fighting and environmental hazards
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When a monkey hurts itself, can we bandage them?
no, they will take the bandage off...must keep it clean
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Why usually causes fighting with monkeys in captivity?
people throwing things into their exhibit and then they will fight over it
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What usually happens if the hierarchy is disrupted? What can we do to help with this?
- will get aggressive...may bit and try to kill the monkey if there is no escape
- keep monkeys in large cages so the victim monkey can have a place to escape to
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How do we psychologically castrate a monkey?
- cut down canine teeth
- will keep males from ripping open the females
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Which monkeys are prone to having twins?
lemurs
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What happens when monkeys have triplets?
mother will not take care of the third baby and will have to be handraised
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What is cross fostering?
giving baby to another mother to raise
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