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Physical growth spurts of Girl
- 2 years earlier than boys*
- onset = 9y/o
- apex = 11.5 y/o
- height = 3.5" per year
- weight = avg 8 lbs in one year
- body = hips widen, facial structure bc rounder and softer
- GROWTH SPURT = about 7" for girls in the two year period
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physical growth spurt for boys
- onset = 11 y/o
- apex = 13.5 y/o
- height = 4" per year
- weight = 18 ibs per year
- body = incrase in shoulder width and face become more angular and adult like
- by age 14 surpasses girls in weight
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body image for girls
gen. mixed blessing
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body image for boys
become more satisfied with their body
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puberty
a period of rapid physical maturation of horemones and bodily changes during adol.
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genotype
a person genetic heritage
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phenotype
- the observable measueable charactersitic of an individual
- heigh weight, iq ect
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for every genotype there is
- a range of phenotypes
- a certain gen. does not guarinty a specific phenotype
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four factors that effect the growth curves
- target seeking
- maturity gradient
- feedback regulation
- body mass
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target seeking
- seeks to follow gentic blue print when neg. enoviromenatl influences have been fromved
- ex: geno = shy
- so join clubs and teams
- pheno = outgoing
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maturity gradient
- head more devloped adva. than body more adv. and lings ect
- why paby are unprotionate
- aka 1 part more developed than other
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feedback regulation
- monitoring systems that controlls hormone levels during
- internal
- reg. how many homrenos effect you on the out side
- life a valve on a water faucet
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body mass
- child must reachh a critical body mass before puberty occures
- 106 lb +/- 3 lbs
- 17% body fat
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menarche
girls first menstration
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secular trens in puberty
- means patterns on change seen over time
- ex. menarche now occurs at about 12.5 y/o in stead of 14 y/o over a centry ago
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body image for girls
- generlally mixed blessing
- less happy than boys
- happy they look older
- unhappy about gaining weight
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body image for boys
- more stisifies with body
- bc increase of muscles mass
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horomons in males
- higher leves of androgens
- ass. with violence and acting out probs
- social factors are also important
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hormones and behavior for girls
- higher levels of estrogen do result in aggression toward peers and adults
- lower or midale does do lead to aggresion
- social is also important
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berkely stuy
- early m. boys= happy with themselfs not so much late m boys
- 3o yers latter thoe the
- Late m boys had a stonger sence of identity and EM but the LM would still rather be an EM
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Milwaukee study
- EM girsl are more probles, more independent
- more behavior probs, date and have sex younger
- 6th grad EM=Hapopy LM= sad
- 10 grade EM=unhappy LM= happy
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risk taking
- due to being impulse and influence
- prefrontal cortex is not fully developed
- Amyugdal is very active
- 2 reduce need to replace risky behavior with something postiv and fun
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prefrontal cortex
- involves reasoning
- descion making
- self controll
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amygdala
structre of brain that involves emotion
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leading causes of death in adol
- 75% accient (50% of that auto)
- 2nd highest = homocided 3x more in black males most like killed by gun
- 3rd higest sucided since 50's suicide rate has trippled
- emerging adults have twice the mortality rate of adol.
- early 20 while males highest sucide risk
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sports postives
- less likely to engage in risky behavior
- more postive peers
- hig cnnectiness into school
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sports neg.
- perrure to win
- anciety
- self centerdness
- use of steroids
- may suffer academically
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sleep
- adol do not get enough
- 45% " " "
- gets sleepy and hour latter than they use too to hormone melatonin
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kinship studeis
reseach on the influence of heredity and enviromental of id. diff inhuman traits and developlment
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identical twins
- manozygotic
- single egg
- exact geno
- extroverted psych disorders
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fraternal twins
- dizogtic
- sperate eggs
- no more alike than other sibblings
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passive
- bio parents provide and enviorment that supports their own genetic presispositon
- young kids
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evocative
- the persons genetic predispostion evokes certain types of enviorment responeses
- kids do something to evoke a respnce from other ppl
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active
- kids seeks out enfroment they find compatible
- kids picks things they like now
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shared enviromental experinces
- both experince
- siblins common
- family socio
- neighborhood
- econmic staus
- parnets personalities
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non shared enviromental experiences
- both in side and outside family
- diffrent freinds, or teachers ect.
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schhemas
- is the way to make sence of information by organising it
- example = file card system
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2 types of adapation are
- assimiltion
- and accommondation
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assimilation
- the process of incorporation new info into existing knowlage
- quanatative
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accommodation
- adding information that forces a person to adjust their thinking
- qualitative
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four stages of piaget
- 1) sensorimotor
- 2)preopperational
- 3)concrete operational
- 4)formal operational
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stage 1 sensorimotor
birth to 2 y/o learn through sences
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stage 2 preoperational
- 2 y/o to 7 y/o
- language development
- egocentric
- inablity to convserve
- does not see the world form others ppls pnt of view
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stage 3 concrete operational
- 7-11 y/o
- begining of logical reasoning skills bases on concrete observations
- capable of conservation tasking
- not good with hypothetical problems
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stage 4 formal operational
- 11-15 latter 11-20
- things is abstract idealisting hypothical
- dived into early and late formal operations thought
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early formal operational thought
submerge reality when dealing wit idealistic thinking assimlation is dominant process
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late formal operational thougt
test resoning against experince accommodation is dominant process
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adol. and adults both think ....
ualitatively the same but adults are quanitatively more advance in knowledge
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dualistic thinking
this or that, right or wrong kind of thinking
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multiple thinking
- being able to see multiple circumstances
- occurs with age
- (in my oppion, i could be wrong but i think)
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william perry
person who thougt of dualisic thinking and multiple thinking
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Vygotsky
- cognitive socialization
- adol. are impacted by the congnitive enviorment
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ZPD
- zone of proximal development
- the concept says some task are to diff. alone but can be maseted wit guidance and assistance of skilled indvi.
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lower level zone of zpd
adol is problem solving along
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higher level of zpd
what the adol. can do with help froma skilled indv.
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attention
- concentration and focus of mental effort
- 2 types selective and shiftable
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selective attention
focusin on stimuli and ingore the other
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shiftable attention / divied attention
shift the foucs form one stimuls to another
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memory
- the retention of info over time
- 3 types
- short term, working memory, and long term
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short term memory
- limited in capacity of ino and lenght of time
- no longer than 30 sec.
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working memory
- stratiges to rember infor
- have not learned and with forget at some point just memorized
- the in bw phase of getting infor from short term to long term
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long term memory
realavely permanent and store huge amount of info.
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decison making
- gets better with age
- making compared wot childer by explore options, examine situation form diff. perspetives, anticipate the consequences , consider credibility
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strategies to improve adol decision making
- engage in role play
- group problem soving
- family decision making
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reasoning
logical thinking that uses induction and decustion to reach a conclusion
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inductive reasoning
reasoning from specific to general
ex. sample eniter pop to draw conclusion about entier pop.
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deductive reasoning
reasoning from gen. to specific
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creative thinking
abilty to think in novel ways
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convergent thinking
one right answer
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divergent thinking
many possible answers
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intelligence view
- intelligence can not be directly measured however can evaluated indirectly
- 1) threw verbal and proble solving ablitys
- 2)ability to adapt and learn form life
- 3) combination of the two
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Binet
- developed the CONCEPT OF MENTAL AGE=
- and ind. level of mental development realtive to other the same age
- on avg a child would have a mental age tat is equivalent to his/hers chronclogical age
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Willeam stern
coint the intelligent quotient or IQ
q=( MA divided by CA ) x 100
68% of people score in avg.
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normal distribuation curve
appromatley 68% score in this with one deviation of avg
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problems with piaget
- one 1/3 of 8t graders scored at formal opp levels baised on piagets test
- some universties socred less and 17% student were formal opperatonal the highest was 67%
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