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alveol/o
alveolus ( air sacs )
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bronch/o , bronchi/o
bronchus ( airway )
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bronchiol/o
bronchiole ( little airways )
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capn/o , carb/o
carbon dioxide
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laryng/o
larynx ( voice box )
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pharyng/o
pharynx ( throat )
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phren/o
diaphragm ( also mind? )
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pleur/o
pleura ( linings of lungs )
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pneumo/o , pneumon/o
air or lung
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pulmon/o
lung ( pulmonary - lung )
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spir/o (combining form) , -pnea (suffix)
breathing
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thorac/o , pector/o , steth/o
chest
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nose
- Structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract
- also houses olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
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sinuses
air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
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palate
- roof of the mouth
- partition between the oral and nasal cavities
- divided into hard palate ( front of mouth ) and soft palate ( back of mouth )
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hard palate
bony anterior (front) portion of palate
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soft palate
muscular posterior (back) portion of mouth
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pharynx
- throat
- pasageway for food to the esophagus and for air to larynx
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nasopharynx
part of the pharynx directly behind the nose
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oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
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laryngopharynx
- lower part of pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus
- below the oropharynx, where the larynx is
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tonsils
- oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion
- also called palatine tonsils
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adenoid
- lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose
- also called pharyngeal tonsil
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uvula
- small projection hanging dfrom the back middle edge of the soft palat
- named for its grape-like shape
- the hangy down thing at the back of your mouth
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larynx
- voice box
- passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trache
- contains the vocal cords
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glottis
opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
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epiglottis
a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
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trachea
- windpipe
- passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left main bronchi
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bronchial tree
branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
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right bronchus and left bronchus
two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
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bronchioles
progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
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alveoli
thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
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lungs
- two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage
- responsible for respiration
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lobes
subdivisions of the lungs, with two on the left and three on the right
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pleura
- membranes enclosing the lungs
- set of two membranes
- visceral pleura is the inner-most lining laying against the lung itself
- parietal pleura is the outer-most lining laying against the thoracic cavity
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pleural cavity
- space between the two pleurae
- note, this is NOT the same as chest cavity or thoracic cavity as is sometimes suggested
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diaphragm
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upwards and downward to aid respiration
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mediastiunm
partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (one which contains R lung and one which contains L lung), and encloses the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus gland
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mucous membranes
thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid
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cilia
hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those in the bronchi, which move mucous cell secretions upward
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parenchyma
functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration
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hypopnea
shallow breathing
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dyspnea
difficulty breathing
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apnea
inability to breath
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orthopnea
ability to breath, only in an upright position
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
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crackles , rales
- popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli
- occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis
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wheezes , rhonchi
- high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through ta narrowed airway
- occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphymsema
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stridor
high-pitched, crowning sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway ( trachea or larynx )
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caseous necrosis
- degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance
- eww
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cyanosis
bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
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expectoration
coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
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sputum
material expelled from the lungs by coughing
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hemoptysis
- coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs
- ptysis = to spit
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hypercapnia , hypercarbia
excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
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hyperventilation
excessive movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia
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hypocapnia , hypocarbia
deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood
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hypoventilation
deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia
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hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
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hypoxia
deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
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obstructive lung disorder
condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
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restrictive lung disorder
condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
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pulmonary edema
fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli
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pulmonary infiltrate
density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process
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rhinorrhea
- thin, watery discharge from nose
- runny nose
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asthma
- obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane
- characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
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atelectasis
- collapse of lung tissue (alveoli)
- atele = imperfect
- -ectasis = expansion or dilation
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bronchiectasis
abnormal dilation of the bronch with accumulation of mucus
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bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
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bronchogenic carcinoma
- lung cancer
- cancer originating in the bronchi
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bronchospasm
constriction of bronchi cause by spasm (involuntary contraction) of the peribronchial smooth muscle
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emphysema
obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
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cystic fibrosis
- inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract
- mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation and damage of lung tisue
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laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
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laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) , croup
- inflammation of the upper airways with swelling
- creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
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laryngospasm
spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction
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nasal polyposis
- presence of numerous polyps in the nose
- a polyp is a tumor on a stalk
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pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
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pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
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epymea / pyothorax
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
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hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
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pleuritis / pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
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pneumoconiosis
chronic restrictive pulmonary disease, resulting form prolonged inhalation of fine dusts such as coal, asbestos (asbestosis), or silicone (silicosis)
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pneumonia
inflammation of the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or from aspiration of chemicals
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pneumocystisis pneumonia
pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for the HIV virus
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pnemothorax
air in the pleural cavity by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
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pneumohemothorax
air and blood in the pleural cavity
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pneumonitis
inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersenskitivity to chemicals or dusts
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pulmonary embolism (PE)
occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
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pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
- disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs
- characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions (caseous necrosis)
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sleep apnea
periods of breathing cessation (10seconds or more), that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring
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tonsillitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
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upper respiratory infection (URI)
infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
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