Unit 5 (Late Effects)

—an increase of exposure results in __________ chance of interaction.

an increase of exposure __________ severity.

—our radiation protection guides are based on the late effects of radiation and on:

in late effects, diagnostic exposure is:

late effects are the result of:
while the early effects result from:

Personnel  in diagnostic imaging experience _________________________ over a long time span.

two primary long term effects resulting from low dose radiation over long periods of time:

there is not a specific dose to relate to various late effects such as:

what is the method of choice when studying late effects?

when a large number of people exposed to toxic substance requiring considerable statistical analyses:

name some problems that arise with the epidemiological method:

inflammation of the skin caused by exposure to x-rays or emissions from radioactive particles:

give examples of radiodermatitis:

in chromosomal effects of radiation to local tissue, _______________ is the early effect while _____________ is the late effect.

—chromosomal damage in the _________________ can take place in both early and late effects

may not become apparent until many years after the radiation exposure:

radiation exposure can remain in the peripheral lymphocytes for as long as:

who developed the first cyclotron, when, and what was its principle use?

where are the largest cyclotrons in the world located?

describe how the cyclotron contributed to cataracts:

where do high energy cataracts form?

concerning cataracts, —radiosensitivity of the lens is ____________, the latent period varies from ___________ years, and the average latent period is _____ years.

High LET such as ______________ radiation have a ______ RBE for the production of cataracts.

dose-response relationship for cataracts is:

concerning cataracts, —acute threshold is _________; chronic threshold is approximately _________.

in CT, a patient can receive up to _______ per slice intersecting the lens of the eye.  On average, the lens may be intersected ______ resulting in _______ to the lens of the eye.

concerning the late effects of radiation in life-span shortening,  dose response is:

concerning the late effects of radiation in life-span shortening - at worst, humans can expect a reduced life span of:

give some examples of life-span shortening:

the period after the prodromal stage of the acute radiation syndrome during which there is no visible sign of radiation sickness:

time period a person could actually die from a disease brought on by radiation:

what are the three types of risk estimates in late effects of radiation?

when one observes a large population for late radiation effects without having any precise knowledge of the radiation dose to which they were exposed:

determined by the number of observed cases in the irradiated population and comparing
them with the number that would have been expected on the basis of known population levels:

when one must assume a linear dose-response relationship and if the dose-response relationship is assumed to be nonthreshold, then only one dose level is required:

which type of risk estimate deals with observed or expected cases?

name some human population groups affected by leukemia as a radiation-induced malignancy:

radiation-induced leukemia follows what type of dose-response relationship?

describe leukemia cases in atomic bomb survivors:

describe the latent and at-risk periods for leukemia as a radiation-induced malignancy:

give some causes of leukemia occurring as a radiation-induced malignancy:

when studying the effects of cancer as a radiation malignancy, ______ of all deaths are due to cancer which can obscure the data.

list three examples of thyroid cancer occurring as a radiation-induced malignancy:

give an example of bone cancer occurring as a radiation-induced malignancy:

concerning skin cancer as a radiation-induced malignancy, give the following:
how it begins
induced by
latent period
risk factors

describe aspects of breast cancer occurring as a radiation-induced malignancy:

describe some aspects/locations of lung cancer occurring as a radiation-induced malignancy:

describe some aspects of liver cancer occurring as a radiation-induced malignancy:

concerning late effects, give the risk period for:
bone cancer
leukemia
and the latent period for:
skin cancer
leukemia
liver
thyroid
cataracts

give information concerning total risk of malignancy when it comes to three mile island:

be familiar with this chart:

a relationship in which the increased incidence of cancer is a constant number of cases after a minimal latent period:

a relationship where the increased incidence of cancer is proportional to the natural incidence:

what are the three main concerns dealing with radiation and pregnancy (before, during, after)?

____________ irradiation does NOT impair fertility.

describe what we know about the risks of radiation during pregnancy (in utero):

radiation effects occurring to offspring as a result of radiation exposure in-utero:

name some examples of teratogenicity:

that dose of radiation that produces twice the frequency of genetic mutations as would have been observed without the radiation:

—radiation induced mutations are usually:

genetic effects of radiation during pregnancy depend on:

are most genetic mutations dominant or recessive?

—radiation-induced genetic mutations is extremely low, at:

name some genetic effects that can occur from radiation during pregnancy:

name two general facts about genetic effects:

a theory that states small amounts of radiation can be good for humans:

according to the theory of radiation hormesis,  —__________________ can possibly stimulate molecular repair and immunologic response mechanisms.