-
name the components of the hemopoietic system:
- blood
- lymphatic tissue
- bone marrow
- spleen
-
name the two components of the blood:
-
describe the make-up of plasma:
- 90% water
- 10% solutes:
- •proteins
- •glucose
- •amino acids
- •lipids
-
name three types of blood cells:
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- thrombocytes
-
transport O2 and CO2 to and from various organs:
- erythrocytes –”red blood cells”
- (via the hemoglobin)
-
hemoglobin level of less than 12g per 100ml of blood:
anemia
-
the total percent of red blood cells in blood volume:
hematocrit
-
specialized cells that form erythrocytes and are located in the myeloid tissue found within red bone marrow:
hemocytoblasts
-
consists of specialized cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow that phagocytose erythrocytes every 120 days:
reticuloendothelial system
-
what occurs during the reticuloendothelial system process?
during this process the iron within the hemoglobin is released and bilirubin is formed
-
erythrocytes may contain various _________ that determine blood type.
antigens
-
name the blood-typing antigens that erythrocytes might contain:
- no antigens
- A antigen
- B antigen
- both A and B antigens
-
name the four blood types:
-
process in which antibodies are formed to fight against foreign red blood cells:
aglutination
-
a process that occurs when blood is mixed and the erythrocytes from the donor clump together in the serum of the recipient and antibodies are formed to fight against the foreign red blood cells:
aglutination
-
universal donor:
universal recipient:
- universal donor: type O blood
- universal recipient: type AB blood
-
a condition of the blood that was first discovered in the blood of the rhesus monkey:
Rh factor
-
describe the human Rh populations:
- 85% of the population are Rh-positive
- 15% of the population are Rh-negative
-
when can the Rh factor be a complication during pregnancy?
an Rh-positive father and an Rh-negative mother may affect pregnancy if the mother is not Rh-immunized
-
name the two types of leukocytes:
-
describe granular leukocytes:
- contain cytoplasmic granules and irregular nuclei
- formed within the red bone marrow and include basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils
-
describe nongranular leukocytes:
- do not contain cytoplasmic granules and possess regular nuclei
- formed in lymphatic tissue of the spleen and include lymphocytes and monocytes
-
able to move out of capillaries into tissue to attack and phagocytose foreign substances:
leukocytes
-
granular leukocytes live for:
only about two weeks
-
lymphocytes live for:
years
-
how many leukocytes does normal blood contain?
5000–9000 per cubic milliliter
-
responsible for blood coagulation and are formed in the myeloid tissue within the red bone marrow:
thrombocytes or "platelets"
-
thrombocytes live for:
about ten days
-
a part of the circulatory system that assures immunity through production of lymphocytes and antibodies, absorbs fat from the intestinal tract, and manufactures blood under certain circumstances:
lymphatic system
-
ovoid bodies found in groups along the lymph vessels and filter out particles and foreign materials from the blood:
lymph nodes
-
lymphatic vessels contain:
lymph
-
the part of the lymphatic system that produces lymphocytes and plasma cells, stores RBCs, and functions in phagocytosis:
-
name the two types of lymphocytes:
- T lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
-
the most important cell in the development of immunity:
mature lymphocytes
-
____________ work together with ____________ to ingest foreign substances and process the specific foreign antigens:
- T and B lymphocytes
- macrophages
-
an immunoglobulin produced by plasma cells:
antibody
-
name plasma cells that produce antibodies:
-
the systemic response of these antibodies can have an undesirable negative effect on:
- tissue grafts
- organ transplants
-
exposure to x-rays or gamma rays can have a harmful effect on the:
- blood marrow
- lymphoid tissue
-
it takes a whole-body dose of about ________ to cause a detectable change in the blood cells:
50-75 rads
-
the most radiosensitive blood cells are the:
- 1. lymphocytes
- 2. leukocytes and thrombocytes
-
name three uses of radiography in hemopoietic disorders:
- skeletal radiography
- chest radiography
- lymphography
-
name how skeletal radiography can be used in hemopoietic disorders:
- multiple myeloma
- leukemia (some types)
-
name how chest radiography can be used in hemopoietic disorders:
- lymphatic changes
- infections associated with AIDS
-
name how lymphography can be used in hemopoietic disorders:
for the location and extent of neoplastic diseases of the lymphatic system
-
Both the ______________ system and ___________ systems carry oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
- blood vascular
- lymphatic
- they also collect and transport carbon dioxide and other waste products of metabolism from the tissues to the organs of excretion
-
name the organs of excretion:
-
- A. axillary nodes
- B. common iliac nodes
- C. deep inguinal nodes
- D. cervical nodes
- E. left subclavian vein
- F. thoracic duct
- G. lumbar nodes
- H. superficial inguinal nodes
-
concerning the lymphatic system, MRI is useful in imaging:
- bone marrow
- diseases that affect the marrow
-
a virus that prevents the body response to the presence of diseases:
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
-
AIDS is is caused by:
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
-
signs and symptoms associated with AIDS:
- pneumocystis carinii (common)
- kaposi's sarcoma (common)
- generalized lymphadenopathy
- malaise
- fever
- weight loss
- CNS disorders: apathym, memory loss, inability to concentrate, dementia
-
the AIDS virus may ____________ in individuals for years and has a mortality rate of _________.
-
HIV most frequently affects:
- homosexuals
- bisexuals
- intravenous drug users
-
____________________ is one of the most common life-threatening infections associated with AIDS, and it is often in combination with a _________________.
- pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
- cytomegalovirus
-
drug of choice for both treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP):
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
-
________________ is the most common malignancy in AIDS, is present in ___________ of cases, and may affect the connective tissue in various sites within the body.
- kaposi's sarcoma
- approximately 25-30%
-
kaposi's sarcoma most often affects the:
-
20% of patients with kaposi’s sarcoma demonstrate:
pulmonary involvement
-
name three radiographic signs of kaposi's sarcoma:
- hilar adenopathy
- nodular pulmonary infiltrates
- pleural effusion
-
a neoplastic disease of the plasma cells that results in cell proliferation, is usually confined to the bone marrow and forms discrete tumors that weaken the affected bone, and is mostly seen in pts over 50:
multiple myeloma
-
multiple myeloma most frequently affects the:
-
signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma:
- progressive bone pain
- anemia
- fatigue
- bleeding disorder
- renal insufficiency or failure
- hypercalcemia
- recurrent bacterial infections
-
a condition associated with neoplastic disease of leukocytes that results in an overproduction of white blood cells which can interfere with normal blood cell production and may lead to anemia, bleeding, and infection:
leukemia
-
the cause of leukemia is:
unknown, but exposure to irradiation and certain chemicals predispose individuals to developing leukemia
-
name types of leukemia:
- acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
- chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML)
- acute myelocytic leuklemia (AML)
- acute monoblastic leukemia (AMOL)
-
leukemia accounts for ________ of all cancer deaths in children under age _______.
-
all leukemias require the destruction of
cells by either:
- radiation
- anti-leukemic drug therapy
-
though radiography plays a limited role in the diagnosis and treatment of leukemia, name a few:
- CT and ultrasound are of value in assessing lymphatic diseases
- lymphography can aid in the staging of the disease
-
a neoplastic disease affecting the lymphoid tissue and is a type of lymphoma that is generally retoperitoneal with less mesenteric involvement:
hodgkin's disease
-
a type of lymphoma that often involves the mesentery:
non-hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
-
lymphomas are divided into two types which are:
- hodgkin's disease
- non-hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
-
describe hodgkin's disease's origin and who it affects:
- unknown etiology
- individuals between the ages of 20 and 40
- men slightly more than women
-
symptoms of hodgkin's disease:
- general malaise
- fever
- anorexia
- enlarged lymph nodes
-
how is a hodgkin's disease diagnosis made?
- by biopsy of the lymphatic tissue
- reed-sternberg cells differentiate hodgkin’s disease from other types of lymphatic diseases
-
describe stage I hodgkin's disease:
- denotes one anatomic node location
- has a 5-year survival rate of 90%
-
describe stage IV hodgkin's disease:
- denotes extranodal spread to the bone marrow, the lungs, or the liver
- has a 5-year survival rate of 20%
-
how is hodgkin's disease treated, and what is the overall prognosis?
- treated with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy
- has a 5 year survival rate of approximately 42%
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