-
what are the innate defenses
- first line = physical barriers, chemical barriers, genetic barriers
- 2nd line = inflammatory response, interferons, phagocytosis, complement
-
what is third line of defense
- acquired or specific
- naturally = active infection, passive maternal antibodies
- artificially acquired = vaccination, immune serum
- antibodies, T cells, accessory cells and cytokines
-
opsonization =
coating of a bacterium with antibody to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis
-
compliment activates?
- inflammation
- cytolysis
- opsonization
-
Complement factors C5b+C6+C7+C8 make up
a membrane attack complex that results in cytolysis
-
are complement factors named in the order in which they function?
NO
-
In the classical pathway C1 complement becomes activated when
it binds to an antigen antibody complex
-
antigen =
structure on pathogen or foreign material. An antigen stimulates the immune system
-
Epitiope =
- Molecular structure of antigen - recognized by specific antibody
- antigens usually contain numerous epitopes
-
Antibody
immunoglobulin structure that recognizes epitope, is protective and activates immune system
-
Humoral immunity includes
- antibodies
- plasma B-cells
- Memory B-cells
-
cellular immunity is modulated by
- macrophages
- natural killer cells
- t-cells
-
macrophages do what
bridge the gap between the non-specific and specific immune responses
-
natural killer cells do what
initiate the earliest reponses to infection
-
t-cells do what
recognize intracellular antigens and destroy the host cells that express them
-
What is MHC and what does i do?
- major-histocompatibility-complex
- internal system that causes recognition of self, your own antigens
-
B cells do what
attach to antigens and present them to the Killer cells who decide whether it i s self or non self
-
T - helper cells assist
B plasma and memory cells to produces antibodies
-
cytotoxic T cells are
T cells that go out and attack small antigens (haptens) by releasing cytokins and enzymes, that destroy antigenic materials/cells. they often hurt self/normal tissue or cells in the area
-
hapten is
- a small separable non-protein part of certain antigen molecules which carries the chemical group (needs a carrier) that combines with the anitbody
- what cytotoxic T cells go after
-
cytokines are
- proteins that are messengers that communicate between cells
- they are produced by T-cells in reponse to an infection
-
t cells are created where
mature where
-
B - cells are created where
mature where
- bone marrow
- mature in bone marrow
-
B cells are activated by
cytokines = immune hormones secreted by T-cells
-
cytokine stimulaton leads to
- plasma b-cell formation
- memory b-cells
-
disulfide bonds are
what holds together the four peptide chains of antibodies
-
5 different antibody structures are
- IgG - monomer
- IgA - Dimer or monomer
- IgM - Pentamer
- IgD - monomer
- IgE - monomer
-
most prevalent antibody structure =
IgG monomer with 2 binding sites
-
two antibodies that fix complement
IgG and IgM
-
only antibody that crosses placental border =
IgG
-
Ig stands for
Immunoglobin
-
IgG located where
in the blood lymph and intestines
-
known functions of IgG
- enhances phagocytosis
- neutralizes toxins and viruses
- protects fetus and newborn
-
IgM structure =
how many binding sites
-
Igm location =
- bloo
- lymph
- B cell surface (monomer)
-
knonw functons of IgM
- first antibodies produced during a primary infection
- effective against microbes and agglutinatiing antigens
-
IgA structure =
- Dimer or monomer
- 4 binding sites for a dimer
- 2 binding sites for a monomer
-
IgA location
- secretions (tears, saliva, intestine, milk)
- blood
- lymph
-
known functions of IgA =
- protection of mucosal surfaces
- provides immunity to infant digestive tract (breast feeding)
-
IgD structure and function =
- monomer
- unknown in serum function
- on Bcell surface , initiate immune response
-
IgE structure and function
- monomer
- allergic reactions, possibly lysis of worms
-
functions of antibodies include
- tag bacterial cells
- opsonization - engulfed easier by macrophage
- neutralization - block binding sites of viruses
- agglutinaton - clump bacterial cells together
- complement fixation
- precipitation - antibodies aggregate antigen molecules
-
4 types of acquired immunity =
- natural active
- natural passive
- artificial active
- artificial passive
-
natural active immunity -
direct exposure due to infection
-
natural passive immunity =
- mother IgG crosses the placenta in utero
- IgA present in the colostrum
-
Artificial Active immunity -
- injecting antigens
- IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
-
artificial passive immunity =
- injecting immune serum from virus patients
- antivenom
- rhogam shots
- NO IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
|
|
