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Revolution and Reform: Forces of change breaking through __ of Europe in 1830; 1848: wave of _fervor caused __ and __ to think they were on verge of new order
- conservative domination
- revolutionary
- liberals and nationalists
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Another French Revolution
- a. New elections Charles X called in 1830à another victory for French liberals
- i. Now, the king decided to seize the initiative
- 1. July 26, 1830: issued set of edicts (the July Ordinances) that imposed rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections
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Charles' actions
- i. Charles’s actions produced immediate rebellion—the July Revolution
- 1. Barricades went up in Paris as provisional government led by group of moderate, propertied liberals was formed and appealed to Louis-Philippe, the duke of Orleans, a cousin of Charles X, to become constitutional king of France
- a. Charles X fled to Britainà new monarchy
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Louis Philippe
- a. Louis-Philippe called bourgeois monarch because political support for his rule came from upper middle class
- i. Dressed like member of middle class in business suits and hats
- ii. Constitutional changes that favored the interests of the upper bourgeoisie were instituted
- iii. Financial qualifications for voting reduced but remained high= voters increased from 100,000 to 2000,000= only wealthiest voted
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Upper middle class
- a. To the upper middle class, the bourgeois monarchy was the stop for political progress
- b. To lesser bourgeoisie and Parisian working class, who helped overthrow Charles X in 1830, it was a severe disappointment because they had been completely excluded from political power
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Rapid expansion of French industry
- a. Rapid expansion of French industryà industrial working class concentrated in certain urban areas
- i. Terrible working and living conditions and the periodic economic crises that created high levels of unemployment led to worker unrest and sporadic outbursts of violence
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Chamber of Deputies
- i. In this legislature, there were differences of opinion about bourgeois monarchy and the direction it should takeà two groups, both composed of upper-middle-class representatives:
- Party of Movement nad Party of Resistance
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party of movement
1. Party of Movement, led by Adolphe Thiers, favored ministerial responsibility, the pursuit of an active foreign policy, and limited expansion of the franchise
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party of resistance
1. Party of Resistance led by Francois Guizot; believed France had finally reached the “perfect form” of government and needed no further institutional changes
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Party of Resistance after 1840
- i. After 1840, Party of Resistance dominated
- 1. Guizot cooperated with Louis-Philippe in suppressing ministerial responsibility and pursuing a policy favoring interests of wealthier manufacturers and tradespeople
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