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Antihistamines Mechanism of Action
Block histamine receptors (H1) on the surfaces of basophils and mast cells preventing the release of histamine
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Antihistamines Indications
- Nasal allergies, allergic rhinitis, common cold
- Allergic reactions, motion sickness, Parkinson’s disease, vertigo
- Sleeping aid
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Histamines Contraindications
- Drug allergy, narrow-angle glaucoma, cardiac disease, kidney disease, hypertension, bronchial asthma, COPD, peptic ulcer disease, seizure disorders, benign prostatic hyperplasia, pregnancy
- Impaired liver function or renal insufficiency, lactating mothers
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Nasal decongestants Mechanism of actions
- Shrink engorged nasal mucous membranes and relieve nasal stuffiness
- Constrict the small arterioles that supply the upper respiratory tract
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Nasal steroids mechanism of action
Aimed at the inflammatory response elicited by invading organisms
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Decongestants Indications
Acute or chronic rhinitis, common cold, sinusitis, hay fever or other allergies
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Decongestants Contraindications
Drug allergy, narrow-angle glaucoma, uncontrolled cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and prostatitis
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Decongestants Adverse Effects
- Nervousness, insomnia, palpitations, tremor
- Hypertension, headache, dizziness
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Antitussives (Opioid) Mechanism of Action
suppress reflex through direct action on the cough center of the CNS
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Antitussives (Benzonatate) Mechanism of Action
suppresses by anesthetizing stretch receptor cells in tract preventing reflex stimulation
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Antitussives Indications
Primarily to stop cough reflex when cough is nonproductive and/or harmful
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Antitussives Contraindications
Opioid dependence and risk for respiratory depression
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Antitussives (Benzonatate) adverse Effects
Dizziness, headache, sedation, nausea, and others
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Antitussives (Dextromethorphan) Adverse Effects
Dizziness, drowsiness, nausea
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Antitussives (Opioids) Adverse Effects
Sedation, nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, constipation
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Expectorants Mechanism of Action
Reflex stimulation or direct stimulation of the secretory glands in the respiratory tract
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Expectorants Indications
Common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, measles
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Expectorants Adverse Effects
Nausea, vomiting, and gastric irritation
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