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Bronchodilators Mechanism of Aciton
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- Dilate by stimulating the beta2-adrenergic receptors
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Bronchodilators Indications
Bronchial asthma, bronchitis, other pulmonary diseases
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Bronchodilator Contraindications
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmias, and high risk of stroke
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Bronchodilator Adverse Effects
Insomnia, restlessness, anorexia, cardiac simulation, hyperglycemia, tremor, vascular headache
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Anticholinergic Mechanism of Action
Block acetylcholine receptors to prevent bronchoconstriction
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Anticholinergic Indications
Prevention of the bronchospasm associated with chronic bronchitis or emphysema
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Anticholinergic Contraindications
allergy to atropine or soy lecithin or peanuts, soybeans, or other legumes
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Anticholinergic Adverse Effects
Dry mouth or throat, nasal congestion, heart palpitations, GI distress, urinary retention, increased intraocular pressure, headache, coughing, anxiety
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Xanthine Mechanism of Action
- Increase the levels of energy-producing substance cAMP
- Competitively inhibiting phosphodiestrerase, which is responsible for breaking down cAMP
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Xanthine Indications
Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
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Xanthine Contraindications
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmias, seizures disorders, hyperthyroidism, and peptic ulcer
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Xanthine Adverse Effects
- Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia
- Sinus tachycardia, extrasystole, palpitations, ventricular dysrhythmias
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Leukotriene receptor antagonists Mechanism of action
- First class- inhibits the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase which is necessary for leukotriene synthesis
- Second class- binds to leukotriene receptor subtypes
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Leukotriene Indications
- Prophylaxis and long term treatment of asthma in adults and children older than age 12
- Montelukast is approved for use in children ages 2 and older, and for treatment of allergic rhinitis
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Leukotriene (Zileuton) Adverse Effects
Headaches, dyspepsia, nausea, dizziness, insomnia, liver dysfunction
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Leukotriene (Zafirlukast) Adverse Effects
headache, nausea, diarrhea, liver dysfunction
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Corticosteroids Mchanism of action
- Stabilize membranes of cells that releases harmful bronchoconstricting substances
- Increase responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to beta-adrenergic stimulation
- Reduce inflammation and enhance activity of beta agonists
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Corticosteroids Indications
Bronchospastic disorders that aren’t controlled by conventional bronchodilators
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Corticosteroids Contraindications
Candida organism infection, systemic fungal infection
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Corticosteroids Adverse Effects
• Pharyngeal irritation, coughing, dry mouth, oral fungal infections
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