Cardiology embryology, congenital heart disease

  1. Embryonic structure
    mature structures
    • Truncus arteriosus (TA): Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
    • Bulbus cordisSmooth parts (outflow tracts) of left and right ventricles
    • Primitive ventricle: Trabeculated left and right ventricles
    • Primitive atria: Trabeculated left and right atria
    • Left horn of sinus venosus (SV): Coronary sinus
    • Right horn of SV: Smooth part of right atrium
    • Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein: SVC
  2. Truncus arteriosus
    Neural crest migration → truncal and bulbar ridges that spiral and fuse to form the aorticopulmonary (AP) septum → ascending aorta and pulmonary turnk

    • Pathology:
    • -transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral)
    • -tetralogy of Fallot (skewed AP septum development)
    • -Persistent TA (partial AP septum development)
  3. Intraventricular septum development
    Image Upload 2
    • Step 1:
    • Muscular ventricular septum forms
    • Opening is called interventricular foramen
  4. Intraventricular septum development
    Image Upload 4
    • Step 2:
    • AP septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form membranous interventricular septum, closing interventricular foramen
  5. Intraventricular septum development
    Image Upload 6
    • Step 3:
    • Growth of endocardial cushions separtes atria from ventricles and contributes to both atrial separation and membranous portion of the interventricular septum
  6. Interventricular septum pathology
    • Improper neural crest migration into the TA can result in transposition of the great arteries or a persistent TA
    • Membranous septal defect: initial left-to-right shunt, which later resverses due to the onset of pulmonary hypertension (Eisenmenger's syndrome)
  7. Interatrial septum development
    Image Upload 8
    Foramen primum narrows as septum prinum grows toward endocardial cushions
  8. Interatrial septum development
    Image Upload 10
    Perforations in septum primum form foramen secundum (foramen primum disappears)
  9. Interatrial septum development
    Image Upload 12
    Foramen secundum maintains right-to-left shunt as septum secundum begins to grow
  10. Interatrial septum development
    Image Upload 14
    Septum secundum contains a permanent opening (foramen ovale)
  11. Interatrial septum development
    Image Upload 16
    Foramen secundum enlarges and upper part of septum primum degenerates
  12. Interatrial septum development
    Image Upload 18
    Remaining portion of septum primum forms valve of foramen ovale
  13. Interatrial septum development
    final steps
    • Septum secundum and septum primum fuse to form the atrial septum
    • Foramen ovale usually closes soon after birth because of ↑LA pressure
  14. Interatrial septum pathology
    • Patent foramen ovale
    • - failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth
  15. Fetal erythropoeisis
    • Fetal erythropoeisis occurs in:
    • -Yolk sac (3-10 wk)
    • -Liver (6wk-birth
    • -Spleen (15-30 wk)
    • -Bone marrow (22wk to adult)

    • Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
    • Image Upload 20
  16. Hemoglobin
    fetal vs adult
    • Fetal hemoglobin: α2γ2
    • Adult hemoglobin: α2β2
  17. Fetal circulations
    3 shunts
    • 1. BLood entering the fetus through umbilical vein is conducted via the ductus venosus into the IVC
    • -Bypass the hepatic circulation

    2. Most oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is diverted through the foramen ovale and pumped out the aorta to the head and body

    3. Deoxygenated blood entering the RA from the SVC enters RV, expelled into pulmonary artery, then passes through the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta
  18. Image Upload 22
    • 1. Ductus venosus
    • 2. Foramen ovale
    • 3. Ductus arteriosus
  19. Fetal circulation
    • Blood in umbilical vein has PO2 30mmHg, 80% saturated with O2
    • Umbilical arteries have low O2 sat
  20. Fetal circulation
    Birth
    • Infant takes a breath:
    • ↓ pulmonary vascular resistance → ↑ LA pressure (compared to RA)
    • Foramen ovale closes (now called fossa ovalis)
    • ↑O2 leads to ↓ prostaglandins, causing closure of ductus arteriosus
    • Indomethacin helps close PDA
    • Prostaglandins E1 and E2 keep PDA open
  21. Aortic arches
    Image Upload 24
    • 1st: maxillary artery (1st arch is maximal!)
    • 2nd: Stapedial artery and hyoid artery (Second = Stapedial)
    • 3rd: Common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal Carotid
    • 4th: Left - aortic arch; Right - proximal part of right sublcavian
    • 6th: proximal part of pulmonary arteries (ductus arteriosus on left, only)
  22. Fetal-postnatal derivatives
    • Umbilical vein: Ligamentum teres hepatis (Contained in falciform ligament)
    • UmbiLical arteries: MediaL umbilical ligaments
    • Ductus arteriosus: Ligamentum arteriosum
    • Ductus venosus: Ligamentum venosum
    • Foramen ovale: Fossa ovalis
    • AllaNtois: Urachus-mediaN umbilical ligament (Urachus is the part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and the umbilicus)
    • -Urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant
    • Notochord: Neculeus pulposus of intervertebral disc
  23. Name the embryologic structures that give rise to:
    • Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk: Truncus arteriosus
    • Coronary sinus: Left horn of sinus venosus
    • SVC: Right common cardinal vein, right anterior cardinal vein
    • Smooth parts of the left and right ventricle: Bulbus cordis
    • Smooth part of the right atrium: Right horn of sinus venosus
    • Trabeculated left and right atrium: primitive atria
    • Trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles: primitive ventricle
  24. What structures divides the truncus arteriosus into the aortic and pulmonary trunks?
    What is the cellular origin of this structure?
    • Spiral septum, aka aorticopulmonary septum
    • Neural Crest cells
  25. What is order of fetal erythropoiesis?
    Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

    • Yolk sac
    • Liver
    • Spleen
    • Bone marrow
  26. Which bones in adults synthesize RBCs?
    • Vertebrae
    • Sternum
    • Pelvis
    • Ribs
    • Cranial bones
    • Tibia - up to age 25
    • Femur - up to age 25
  27. WHich fetal vessel has the highest oxygenation?
    Umbilical vein → ductus venosus → IVC → RA
  28. What adulat structures are derived from the 3rd, 4th, and 6th aortic arches?
    • 3rd: common carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery
    • 4th: Aortic arch and proximal part of right subclavian
    • 6th: proximal part of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus
  29. Congenital heart disease
    Right-to-left shunts vs left-to-right shunts
    • Right-to-left shuntsBlue babies
    • The 5 T's:
    • -Tetralogy of Fallot (most common cause of early cyanosis)
    • -Transposition of great vessels
    • -Persistent Truncus arteriosus - failure of truncus arteriosus to divide into pulmonary trunk and aorta; post patients have accompanying VSD
    • -Tricuspid atresia: absence of tricuspid valve and hypoplastic RV; requires both ASD and VSD for viability
    • -Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR): pulmonary veins drain into right heart circulation (SVC, coronary sinus, etc.); associated with ASD and sometimes PDA to allow for right-to-left shunting to maintain CO

    • Left-to-right shuntsBlue kids
    • -VSD (most common congenital cardiac anomaly)
    • -ASD (loud S1, wide, fixed split S2)
    • -PDA (close with indomethacin)

    Frequency: VSD > ASD > PDA
  30. Ebstein's anomaly
    • Associated with maternal lithium use
    • Tricuspid leaflets are displaced into right ventricle, hypoplastic right ventricle, tricuspid regurg or stenosis
    • 80% have a patent foramen ovale with R → L shunt
    • Dilated right atrium → increased risk of SVT and WPW
    • PE: widely split S2, tricuspid regurg
    • Rx: PGE, digoxin, diuresis, propranolol for SVT
  31. Eisenmenger's syndrome
    • Uncorrected VSD, ASD, or PDA causes compensatory pulmonary vascular hypertrophy
    • Pulmonary vascular hypertrophy → Pulmonary HTN → right ventricle hypertorphy
    • ↑ Pulmonary resistance → reversal of shunt from left-to-right to right-to-left
    • Causes late cyanosis, clubbing, polycythemia
  32. Tetralogy of Fallot
    Image Upload 26
    • TOF is caused by anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
    • Larger aorta side, smaller pulmonary side

    • PROVe:
    • 1. Pulmonary infundibular stenosis (most important determinant for prognosis)
    • 2. RVH
    • 3. Overriding aorta (overrides the VSD)
    • 4. VSD

    • Early cyanosis ("tet spells") caused by a right-to-left shunt across VSD (isolated VSD usually flow left-to-right... acyanotic)
    • - Pulmonary stenosis forces R-to-L shunt (cyanotic) and causes RVH

    • Older patients learn to squat to relieve cyanotic symptoms
    • -Squatting reduces blood flow to legs, ↑ peripheral vascular resistance → ↓ cyanotic R-to-L shunt across VSD

    Tx: early surgical correction
  33. D-transposition of great vessels
    Image Upload 28
    • Aorta leaves RV (anterior)
    • Pulmonary trunk leaves LV (posterior)
    • →separation of systemic and pulmonary circulations
    • **Not compatible with lifeunless shunt is present to allow adequate mixing of blood (VSD, PDA, or patent foramen ovale)
    • Due to failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
    • Lethal without surgery in first few months of life
  34. Persistant truncus arteriosus
    Failure to divide spiral septum
  35. Tricuspid atresia
    • Absent tricuspid valve
    • hypoplastic right ventricle
    • **Requires both ASD and VSD for viability
  36. Coarcation of the aorta
    Infantile vs adult
    Can result in aortic regurgitation

    • Infantile type: aortic stenosis proximal to insertion of ductus arteriosus (preductal)
    • -Associated with Turner syndrome
    • **Infantile: in close to the heart
    • -Check femoral pulses on physical exam

    • Adult type: stenosis is distal to ligamentum arteriosum (postductal)
    • -Associated with notching of the ribs (due to collateral circulation)
    • -Most commonly associated with bicuspid aortic valve
    • -Hypertension in upper extremities
    • -Weak pulses in lower extremities
    • **Adult: distal to ductus
  37. Patent ductus arteriosus
    PDA
    Image Upload 30
    • Fetal period: right-to-left shunt (normal in utero, should close after birth <24hrs)
    • Neonatal: lung resistance ↓ and shunt becomes Left-to-right, which leads to RVH and/or LVH and failure (abnormal)
    • -Associated with continuous, "machine-like" murmur
    • -Patency is maintained by PGE synthesis and low O2 tension

    Uncorrected: PDA eventually results in late cyanosis in the lower extremities (differential cyanosis)

    • **Endomethacin (indomethacin) ends patency of PDA
    • **PGE kEEps it open (may be necessary to sustain life in pts with transposition of great vessels)
  38. Congenital cardiac defect associations
    disorder → defect
    • 22q11 syndromes (DiGeorge is one)Truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot
    • Down syndrome: ASD, VSD, AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
    • Congenital rubella: Septal defects, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis
    • Turner syndromeCoarcation of aorta (preductal)
    • Marfan's syndrome: Aortic insufficiency and dissection (late complication)
    • Infant of diabetic motherTransposition of great vessels
  39. 45 yo male with BP 160/90 on Right arm; 170/92 on left arm; no palpable pusles in feet/ankle
    Most likely dx?
    • Adult coarctation of the Aorta 
    • -notching of ribs
    • -postductal
  40. Describe blood flow through PDA
    Ductus arteriosus (in utero) has different flow: Right to left (bypass pulmonary circulation)

    • PDA: low pressure on the Right; so you get a Left-to-Right shunt
    • -Aortic to pulmonic artery
  41. heart defect is associated with the following disorder
    • Chrom 22q11 deletions: Truncus arteriosus, ToF
    • Down Syndrome: Endocardial cushion defect (ASD, VSD, AV septal defect)
    • Congenital rubella: Septal defects, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis
    • Turner's syndrome: Coarcation of aorta (preductal)
    • Marfan's syndrome: Aortic insufficiency
  42. Diabetic mothers... offspring at risk for?
    • Transposition of great vessels
    • Hypoglycemia
    • Large for gestagional age: clavical fractures, Erb-Duchenne palsy, Shoulder dystocia, failure to progress during labor
Author
jknell
ID
208322
Card Set
Cardiology embryology, congenital heart disease
Description
Embryology of cardiovascular
Updated