-
what kind of species reproduce sexually
eukaryotric species
-
three types of asexual reproduction
- parthogenesis
- polyembryony
- budding
-
4 benefits of asexual reproduction
- no mate needed
- produces more offspring per reproductive episode
- faster
- less investment
-
three benefits of sexual reproduction
- increase in variation in alleles
- increase in rate of adaptation
- elimation of harmful genes
-
a form of sexual reproduction in which growth and dvelopment of embryo occurs without fertilization
parthogenesis
-
aphid life cycle reproduction depends on season which seasons coincide with what reproduction type
- asexual (partho) spring and summer
- sexual fall
-
spring and summer aphids differences between fall 3
- eggs w/o fertilization
- no wings
- cant take winter
-
fall aphids difference between spring and summer 2
- both sexes hatch
- eggs last through the winter and have wings
-
two or more embryos develop from a single fertilized egg
polyembryo
-
type of organism that undergo polyembryony
flukes
-
how do many invertebrates reproduce asexually
budding
-
break of the body into pieces in which develop into adults
fragmentation
-
fragmentation is accompanied by
regeneration
-
polyp and medusa form difference
- attatched to the group
- free swimming
-
type of life cycle in which the embryo develops directly into a form that looks like the adult
simple life cycle
-
life cycle in which the larva doesnt resemble the adult form
complex
-
simple life cycle order 4
- zygote
- embryo
- juvenile
- adult
-
complex life cycle order 5
- zygote
- embryo
- larva
- juvenile
- adult
-
two types of complex life cycles that insects have
- hemimetabolous
- holometabolous
-
the hard exoskeleton forces insects to molt and grow bigger
-
two characteristics of hemimetabolous life cycles
- egg, nymph, adult
- wings develop gradually through several molts
-
half change life cycle
hemi
-
complete change life cycle
holo
-
larva, pupa, winged adult life cycle
holometa
-
embryo develops in egg outside parent
oviparity
-
embryo develops inside parent
viviparity
-
embryo develops inside parent
ovoviviparityt
-
receives nutrition from yolk
ovi
-
recieves more nutrition than just yolk
vivi
-
only receives nutrition from yolk
ovovivi
-
example sea stars and sea urchins
echinodermata
-
example crustaceans and bugs
arthtopoda
-
examples of snails, slugs, squids, and octopus
mollusca
-
example jellies, hydra, corals, and anemones
cnidaria
-
example marine and terrestrial worms
annelids
-
example round worms
nematodaa
-
example of flat worms
plathelminthes
-
endoderm consists of
internal layer
-
ectoderm consists of
external layer
-
mesoderm consists of the
middle layer
-
endoderm layer consists of these three cells
-
ectoderm layer consists of these three cells
- skin cells of epidermis
- neuron of brain
- pigment cell
-
mesoderm layer consists of these five cells
- cardiac muscle
- skeletal muscle cell
- tubule cell of kidney
- rbc
- smooth muscle
-
a zygote in sexual reproduction undergoes rapid cell division called
cleavage
-
the cleavage leads to the formation of
blastula
-
the blastula undergoes _____ forming a _____
-
the gastrula tissues differentiate into three layers
-
when the blastopore during gastrulation it connects the
archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula
-
protosome occurs in what kind of class 3
- arthropods
- annelids
- mollusks
-
deuterotome occurs in what kind of class 2
-
germ layer that covers the embyros surface and becomes skin and central NS
ecto
-
middle layer that becomes skeletal tissue, muscles, organs
meso
-
the innermost germ layer in which becomes the linning of the organs and other tissues
endo
-
diploblastic germ layers
which is this found
triploblastic germ layers
which is this found
- ecto and endo, cnidarians
- all three, all bilaterians
-
grouping of body parts into discrete segments
example organism
-
animals head is the grouping of sensory organs, feeding organs, and center or neural intergration
cephalization
-
a group of segments organized into functional units
tagmosis
-
example of tagmosis
head, thorax, and abdomen appendages in arthropods
-
many triploblastic organisms posses a body cavity
-
a true body cavity is called _____ and is derived from _____
-
three functions of coelom
- provides space for different organs
- gives flexibility of the body so the animal can move freely
- hydrostatic skeleton
-
what lines the coelom and where does it liner
mesoderm lines the coelom both inside the body wall and around the gut
-
-
pseudocoelomate example
round worm
-
is a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm
pseudocoelomate
-
triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity
acoelomates
-
acoelomate example
flat worm
-
a fluid filled cavity surrounded by muscles that contract in an antagonistic manner
hss
-
2 muscles of the hss
circular and longitudinal muscles
-
three functions of the hss
- structure
- protection
- locomotion
-
what two kinds of animals have hss
- cold blooded animals
- soft bodied animals
-
what four classes have hss
- cnidaria
- platyhelminthes
- nematoda
- annelids
-
three features of cnidarian anemone
- sea water is hs fluid
- antagonistic contraction of cir and longi muscles
- hss provides structure and locomotion
-
4 features of the platyhelminthes
- mesenchyme is hs fluid
- ciliated bottom
- antagonistic contraction
- secretes mucus and glides over surface on cilia
-
4 features of nematodes
- pseudocoel is hs fluid
- thrashing movement
- only longitudinal muscles
- hss provides structure and locomotion
-
4 features of annelids
- body segments have coelomic fluid
- peristaltic wave movement
- antagonistic contraction
- hss provides struct and loco
-
another type of segmented worm that have brsitles on their segments
polychaeta
-
bristles on the polychaeta are called
setae
-
segments of the polychaeta are called
parapodia
-
two characteristics of the wvs
- hard exoskeleton
- water is pumped through body for locomotion
-
what two kinds of classes have wvs
-
two features of echinoderms
- seawater as hs fluid
- pump water into their body at madreporite and out of their tube feet
-
two features of molluscus
- hemocoel
- inflates sinuses of the body with hemocoel
-
-
phylum that has a hard calcium shell
mollusca
-
the two most diverse phylum
-
experience adaptive radiation
mollusca
-
adaptive radiation
a group of organisms that have a suite of features that allows them to move into and thrive in different environments
-
6 important features of the mollusc body plan
- foot
- mantle
- visceral mass
- shell
- ctenidium
- radula
-
mollusc muscle used for crawling, swimming, gripping, or burrowing
foot
-
in shelled molluscs, dorsal tissue overlying the visceral mass
mantle
-
the main part of the mollusc that contains the internal organs
visceral mass
-
gills in molluscs used for respiration in aquatic molluscs
ctenidium
-
used for scraping and feeding in a molluscs
radula
-
is a converey belt of teeth that scrapes to feed off algae
radula
-
udergoes torsion when developing
molluscs
-
visceral mass rotates 180 deg to one side during development, such that the anus is situated more or less above the head
torsion
-
4 classes of molluscs
- polyplacophora
- bivalvia
- gastropoda
- cephalopoda
-
example of polyplacophora
chitons
-
primitive mollusc
polyplacophora
-
shell plates of chitons are surrounded by a structure known as
girdle
-
modified mantle around the edge of the shell
girdle
-
four features of polyplacophora
- no tentacles or eyes
- uses girdle hairs and light sensative receptors
- feeds at night with specialized radula
- foot and girdle grab tight to substrate
-
3 features of the class bivalvia
- two shells hinged together at top
- two adductor muscles pull the valves closed
- ciliated gills for feeding and respiration
-
as class bivalvia evolved it lost
head and radula
-
how does class bivalvia stabilize itself
hatchet shaped foot used for burrowing in soft substrate
-
mussels anchors themselves by fibrous threads known as
byssal threads
-
three features of the oysters
- cement their hard shell to the surface
- no foot or siphon
- open shell to bring water over gills
-
three features of scallops
- dont attach to rocks
- can swim for short distances (clap together)
- light sensitive eye spots around the mantle edge
-
largest and most diverse group of molluscs due to adaptive radiation
gastropoda
-
most significant modification of gastropoda is
torsion
-
muscular foot on gastropods function as
crawling, using ciliated cells on the underside secrete a mucus tail
-
-
unique structure of the prosobranchia
operculum that closes shell and protects soft body
-
4 features of the prosobranchia
- foot creates vacuum seal to hold them to rocks
- can withraw completely into their shell
- can close off shell with operculum
- eat algae
-
4 features of the abalone
- spiral shape protects abalones foot
- holes on edge of shell serve several functions
- thrive in water that is well oxygenated by strong waves
- eats kelp and macro algae
-
three functions of abalone holes on the edge of the shell
- release sperm and eggs
- discharge metabolic wastes
- allows water to flow out after passing through animals gill chamber
-
2 features of the nudibrachs
- lack a shell
- naked gills because their respiratory structures are exposed
-
are grazing carnivores and cannibals
nudibrachs
-
example of opisthobranchia
nudibrachs
-
examples of pulmonata
land snails and slugs
-
due to evolution of land snails and slugs they have lost
gills
-
unique structure of pulmonata land snails
mantle cavity closed except for a single opening called the pneumostome
-
feature of the subclass pulmonata
mantle cavity converted to air breathing lung
-
have color changing pigments and ink sacs and agile swimming abilities to escape predators
cephalopoda
-
cephalopoda have _____ but use _____to tear their prey
-
pushes head down toward foot
cephalopoda
-
two features of class cephalopoda
- well developed eyes to detect prey and color
- reduction or total loss of shell
-
how do cephalopoda swim
by forcing water out of its siphon via jet propulsion
-
fins of the squid function
act as stabilizers
-
how do squid grab their prey
shoot out their tentacles via hydrostatic pressue
-
how do squid move back and forth
by changing the direction of the siphon
-
the shell of the squid is known as
the pen
-
what two animals have 8 arms and 2 tentacles
squid and cuttle fish
-
the shell of the cuttlebone aids in
buoyancy
-
two features of cuttle fish
- fins run along the side
- body is flattened
-
because an ocotopus has no shell, what is it able to do
collapse its body into small spaces
-
5 features of arthropods
- segmented body
- hard exoskel
- jointed appendages
- open circulatory
- dorsal brain ventral nerve cord
-
three types of material exoskeletons of arthropods have
- chitin
- sclerotin
- calcium carbonate
-
fusion of segments into different body regions such as head thorax and abdomen
tagmosis
-
legs on segments of head become specialized for feeding and sensing the environment
specialization of appendages
-
-
leg branches into two segments and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end to end
biramous
-
a single series of segments attached end to end
uniramous
-
chelicerae and pedipalps function 3
-
chelicerae and pedipalps are found in
chelicerates
-
name of first two appendages of myriapoda, crustacae, and hexapoda
mandibles and maxillae
-
trilobita example
extinct trilobites
-
cheliceriformes example
- horseshoe crab
- spiders
- scorpions
-
myriapoda exmaples
centi and millipedes
-
-
-
two phylum closely related to arthropoda
-
how are tardigrada and onychophora similar to arthropoda 4
- non living cuticle covers body
- appendages on body
- segmentation
- antennae
-
how are tardigrada and onychophora different to arthropoda 2
- soft exoskeleton
- appendages arent jointed
-
tardigrada example
onychophora example
-
4 characteristics of trilobita (extinct)
- marine
- head and body segments
- biramous
- 1 pair of antennae
-
3 features of cheliceriformes
- two segment
- 6 pairs of appemdages
- uniramous
-
two segments of the cheliceriformes
-
6 pairs of appendages of cheliferiformes consists of
- chelicerae
- pedipalps
- 4 pairs of legs
-
leg appendage cheliceriformes
uniramous
-
4 features of myriapoda
- terrestrial
- 1 pair antennae
- mandible and maxillae
- uniramous legs
-
myriapoda
carnivore and herbivore
-
5 features of crustacae
- marine and freshwater
- 2 pairs of antennae
- mandibles and maxillae
- biramous appendages
- hard calcium carbonate exoskeleton
-
6 features of hexapodas
- terrestrial, marine, freshwater
- three well defined segments
- mandi and maxi
- 1 pair antennae
- uniramous
- wings
-
three well defined segments of hexapoda
-
a group of organisms that can be studied winthin a site to determine the overall health and functiong of a habitat
bio-indicator
-
6 synapomorphies of insecta
- 3 pairs of walking legs
- 3 tagma
- mouthparts
- wings for flight
- exoskeleton
- antennae
-
3 pairs of walking legs of insecta have 3 functions
-
a living fossil
bristletails
-
body is long wingless with a pair of antennae
bristletails
-
at the end of bristletail abdomen they have two structues
- cerci (2 of them)
- central caudal filament
-
cerci of bristle tails function
sensory structures
-
-
3 reasons why flight is the key to great success of insects
- escape predators
- find food
- disperse new habitats
-
4 characteristics of all chordates
- notochord
- a dorsal hollow nerve cord
- post anal tail
- pharynx with gill slits
-
long flexible rod of mesoderm found in all chordates
notochord
-
ectodermal tissue that forms a spinal cord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
-
muscle and skeletal elements that provide propulsive forces
postanal tail
-
suspension feeding device in invertibrate
pharyngeal slits
-
gas exchange in aquatic vertebrates
pharyngeal slits
-
jaws and hearing in other vertebrates in chordates
pharyngeal slits
-
function of notochord
flexible tissue rod that supports the nerve cord
-
main structural support for the lowest chordates and is only present in the embryo of high chordates
notochord
-
the cartilaginous disks between each of your vertebrate are remnants of
embryonic notocord
-
develops into the cNS in chordates
dorsal hollow nerve cord
-
function of post anal tail of chordates
propelling force between many aquatic species
-
in terrestrial vertebrates the pharyngeal slits developed into these 3
-
in earlier chordates the pharynx was known as
an opening into gut and it has gill slits
-
3 subphyla of chordata
- urochordata
- cephalochordata
- craniata
-
sea squirts and tunicates are example of
urochordata
-
considered to be the first chordates of evolution
tunicates
-
those a part of this subphylum lose their nerve cord, notochord, slits, and tail to become stationary filter feeders
urochordata
-
urochordata organism retain the structures they normally loose when they become an adult
larvaceans
-
lacelet example of
cephalochordata
-
marine suspenion feeder that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults
cephalochordata
-
these two replace the notochord as the primary support for the body of craniates
- bony
- cartilaginous vertebrate
-
all craniates have a head but not all craniates have a backbone
-
advantage of having a head in chordates feeding
active predation
-
4 characteristics craniates share
- skull
- brain
- eyes
- sensory organs
-
5 characteristics of hagfish
- deep sea scavengers
- partial cranium
- no vertebrate
- lack jaws
- no paired fins
-
are craniates but not true vertebrates of the class myxinia
hagfish
-
tie themselves into a not to rip the flesh off their prey
hagfish
-
3 derived characters of vertebrates
- vertebrae enclosing spinal cord
- elaborate skull
- fin rays
-
class petromyzintida example
lamprey
-
three charactersitics of lampreys
- jawless
- basal of all vertebrate
- ancestral shared characters with hagfish
-
mouth is toothed and funnel like
lamprey
-
non mineralized skeleton
lamprey
-
how to jaws develop for gnathostomes
skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits
-
3 charactersitics to gnathostomes
- enhanced sensory systems
- mineralized endoskeleton
- pairs appendages
-
this class has
jawed fished
paired fins
skeletons made of cartilage
chondrichthyans
-
how to sharks and rays help with their buoyancy because they dont have a swim bladder
oil concentrated in their liver
-
all of those in this type of class have a bony endoskeleton
osteichthyans
-
fishes control their buoyancy by an air sac known as _______ derived from a ______
-
ray finned and lobe finned fish belong to what class
osteichthyans
-
the skeletal support for their fins is inside their body wall
what class is this?
actinopterygii
-
2 derived characters of tetrapods
- four limbs with digit feet
- ears
-
tetrapods are gnathastomes with limbs and feet
-
only class of vertebrates that does not have an amniotic egg
amphibia
-
why do amphibians have moist skin
complements the lungs in gas exchnage
-
why does amphibian mean two lives
metamorphosis of an aquatic larve into a terrestrial adult
-
the three extraembryonic membranes
-
animals with amniotic eggs belong to what clade
amniote
-
reason for amniotic egg
helps amniotes move away from relying on water for growth and development of their young
-
5 reasons for shellof amniotes
- protection
- gas exchange
- embryo moist
- waste storage
- food
-
reptiles have shells that function as
a waterproof barrier
-
reptiles live in water however they are born in shells on land
-
5 derived characters of mammals
- mammary glands
- hair
- large brain
- specialized teeth
- two bones incorporated into the middle ear
-
echidnas and platypus are examples of
monotremes
-
small group of egg laying mammals
monotremes
-
are the only mammals that lay eggs
monotremes
-
opossums, kangaroos, and koalas are example of
marsupials
-
marsupials completes its embryonic development while nuring in a materal pounch called
marsupium
-
young eutherians complete their embryonic development within a
uterus joined to the mother by the placenta
-
placenta serves as a source of these 3
-
eutherians have a longer period of pregnancy
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