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The flashcards below were created by user
kaitiek09
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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what kind of species reproduce sexually
eukaryotric species
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three types of asexual reproduction
- parthogenesis
- polyembryony
- budding
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4 benefits of asexual reproduction
- no mate needed
- produces more offspring per reproductive episode
- faster
- less investment
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three benefits of sexual reproduction
- increase in variation in alleles
- increase in rate of adaptation
- elimation of harmful genes
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a form of sexual reproduction in which growth and dvelopment of embryo occurs without fertilization
parthogenesis
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aphid life cycle reproduction depends on season which seasons coincide with what reproduction type
- asexual (partho) spring and summer
- sexual fall
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spring and summer aphids differences between fall 3
- eggs w/o fertilization
- no wings
- cant take winter
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fall aphids difference between spring and summer 2
- both sexes hatch
- eggs last through the winter and have wings
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two or more embryos develop from a single fertilized egg
polyembryo
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type of organism that undergo polyembryony
flukes
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how do many invertebrates reproduce asexually
budding
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break of the body into pieces in which develop into adults
fragmentation
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fragmentation is accompanied by
regeneration
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polyp and medusa form difference
- attatched to the group
- free swimming
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type of life cycle in which the embryo develops directly into a form that looks like the adult
simple life cycle
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life cycle in which the larva doesnt resemble the adult form
complex
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simple life cycle order 4
- zygote
- embryo
- juvenile
- adult
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complex life cycle order 5
- zygote
- embryo
- larva
- juvenile
- adult
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two types of complex life cycles that insects have
- hemimetabolous
- holometabolous
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the hard exoskeleton forces insects to molt and grow bigger
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two characteristics of hemimetabolous life cycles
- egg, nymph, adult
- wings develop gradually through several molts
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half change life cycle
hemi
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complete change life cycle
holo
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larva, pupa, winged adult life cycle
holometa
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embryo develops in egg outside parent
oviparity
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embryo develops inside parent
viviparity
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embryo develops inside parent
ovoviviparityt
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receives nutrition from yolk
ovi
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recieves more nutrition than just yolk
vivi
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only receives nutrition from yolk
ovovivi
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example sea stars and sea urchins
echinodermata
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example crustaceans and bugs
arthtopoda
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examples of snails, slugs, squids, and octopus
mollusca
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example jellies, hydra, corals, and anemones
cnidaria
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example marine and terrestrial worms
annelids
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example round worms
nematodaa
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example of flat worms
plathelminthes
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endoderm consists of
internal layer
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ectoderm consists of
external layer
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mesoderm consists of the
middle layer
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endoderm layer consists of these three cells
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ectoderm layer consists of these three cells
- skin cells of epidermis
- neuron of brain
- pigment cell
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mesoderm layer consists of these five cells
- cardiac muscle
- skeletal muscle cell
- tubule cell of kidney
- rbc
- smooth muscle
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a zygote in sexual reproduction undergoes rapid cell division called
cleavage
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the cleavage leads to the formation of
blastula
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the blastula undergoes _____ forming a _____
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the gastrula tissues differentiate into three layers
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when the blastopore during gastrulation it connects the
archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula
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protosome occurs in what kind of class 3
- arthropods
- annelids
- mollusks
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deuterotome occurs in what kind of class 2
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germ layer that covers the embyros surface and becomes skin and central NS
ecto
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middle layer that becomes skeletal tissue, muscles, organs
meso
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the innermost germ layer in which becomes the linning of the organs and other tissues
endo
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diploblastic germ layers
which is this found
triploblastic germ layers
which is this found
- ecto and endo, cnidarians
- all three, all bilaterians
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grouping of body parts into discrete segments
example organism
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animals head is the grouping of sensory organs, feeding organs, and center or neural intergration
cephalization
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a group of segments organized into functional units
tagmosis
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example of tagmosis
head, thorax, and abdomen appendages in arthropods
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many triploblastic organisms posses a body cavity
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a true body cavity is called _____ and is derived from _____
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three functions of coelom
- provides space for different organs
- gives flexibility of the body so the animal can move freely
- hydrostatic skeleton
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what lines the coelom and where does it liner
mesoderm lines the coelom both inside the body wall and around the gut
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pseudocoelomate example
round worm
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is a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm
pseudocoelomate
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triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity
acoelomates
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acoelomate example
flat worm
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a fluid filled cavity surrounded by muscles that contract in an antagonistic manner
hss
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2 muscles of the hss
circular and longitudinal muscles
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three functions of the hss
- structure
- protection
- locomotion
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what two kinds of animals have hss
- cold blooded animals
- soft bodied animals
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what four classes have hss
- cnidaria
- platyhelminthes
- nematoda
- annelids
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three features of cnidarian anemone
- sea water is hs fluid
- antagonistic contraction of cir and longi muscles
- hss provides structure and locomotion
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4 features of the platyhelminthes
- mesenchyme is hs fluid
- ciliated bottom
- antagonistic contraction
- secretes mucus and glides over surface on cilia
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4 features of nematodes
- pseudocoel is hs fluid
- thrashing movement
- only longitudinal muscles
- hss provides structure and locomotion
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4 features of annelids
- body segments have coelomic fluid
- peristaltic wave movement
- antagonistic contraction
- hss provides struct and loco
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another type of segmented worm that have brsitles on their segments
polychaeta
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bristles on the polychaeta are called
setae
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segments of the polychaeta are called
parapodia
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two characteristics of the wvs
- hard exoskeleton
- water is pumped through body for locomotion
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what two kinds of classes have wvs
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two features of echinoderms
- seawater as hs fluid
- pump water into their body at madreporite and out of their tube feet
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two features of molluscus
- hemocoel
- inflates sinuses of the body with hemocoel
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phylum that has a hard calcium shell
mollusca
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the two most diverse phylum
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experience adaptive radiation
mollusca
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adaptive radiation
a group of organisms that have a suite of features that allows them to move into and thrive in different environments
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6 important features of the mollusc body plan
- foot
- mantle
- visceral mass
- shell
- ctenidium
- radula
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mollusc muscle used for crawling, swimming, gripping, or burrowing
foot
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in shelled molluscs, dorsal tissue overlying the visceral mass
mantle
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the main part of the mollusc that contains the internal organs
visceral mass
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gills in molluscs used for respiration in aquatic molluscs
ctenidium
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used for scraping and feeding in a molluscs
radula
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is a converey belt of teeth that scrapes to feed off algae
radula
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udergoes torsion when developing
molluscs
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visceral mass rotates 180 deg to one side during development, such that the anus is situated more or less above the head
torsion
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4 classes of molluscs
- polyplacophora
- bivalvia
- gastropoda
- cephalopoda
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example of polyplacophora
chitons
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primitive mollusc
polyplacophora
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shell plates of chitons are surrounded by a structure known as
girdle
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modified mantle around the edge of the shell
girdle
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four features of polyplacophora
- no tentacles or eyes
- uses girdle hairs and light sensative receptors
- feeds at night with specialized radula
- foot and girdle grab tight to substrate
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3 features of the class bivalvia
- two shells hinged together at top
- two adductor muscles pull the valves closed
- ciliated gills for feeding and respiration
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as class bivalvia evolved it lost
head and radula
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how does class bivalvia stabilize itself
hatchet shaped foot used for burrowing in soft substrate
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mussels anchors themselves by fibrous threads known as
byssal threads
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three features of the oysters
- cement their hard shell to the surface
- no foot or siphon
- open shell to bring water over gills
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three features of scallops
- dont attach to rocks
- can swim for short distances (clap together)
- light sensitive eye spots around the mantle edge
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largest and most diverse group of molluscs due to adaptive radiation
gastropoda
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most significant modification of gastropoda is
torsion
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muscular foot on gastropods function as
crawling, using ciliated cells on the underside secrete a mucus tail
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unique structure of the prosobranchia
operculum that closes shell and protects soft body
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4 features of the prosobranchia
- foot creates vacuum seal to hold them to rocks
- can withraw completely into their shell
- can close off shell with operculum
- eat algae
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4 features of the abalone
- spiral shape protects abalones foot
- holes on edge of shell serve several functions
- thrive in water that is well oxygenated by strong waves
- eats kelp and macro algae
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three functions of abalone holes on the edge of the shell
- release sperm and eggs
- discharge metabolic wastes
- allows water to flow out after passing through animals gill chamber
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2 features of the nudibrachs
- lack a shell
- naked gills because their respiratory structures are exposed
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are grazing carnivores and cannibals
nudibrachs
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example of opisthobranchia
nudibrachs
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examples of pulmonata
land snails and slugs
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due to evolution of land snails and slugs they have lost
gills
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unique structure of pulmonata land snails
mantle cavity closed except for a single opening called the pneumostome
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feature of the subclass pulmonata
mantle cavity converted to air breathing lung
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have color changing pigments and ink sacs and agile swimming abilities to escape predators
cephalopoda
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cephalopoda have _____ but use _____to tear their prey
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pushes head down toward foot
cephalopoda
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two features of class cephalopoda
- well developed eyes to detect prey and color
- reduction or total loss of shell
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how do cephalopoda swim
by forcing water out of its siphon via jet propulsion
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fins of the squid function
act as stabilizers
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how do squid grab their prey
shoot out their tentacles via hydrostatic pressue
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how do squid move back and forth
by changing the direction of the siphon
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the shell of the squid is known as
the pen
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what two animals have 8 arms and 2 tentacles
squid and cuttle fish
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the shell of the cuttlebone aids in
buoyancy
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two features of cuttle fish
- fins run along the side
- body is flattened
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because an ocotopus has no shell, what is it able to do
collapse its body into small spaces
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5 features of arthropods
- segmented body
- hard exoskel
- jointed appendages
- open circulatory
- dorsal brain ventral nerve cord
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three types of material exoskeletons of arthropods have
- chitin
- sclerotin
- calcium carbonate
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fusion of segments into different body regions such as head thorax and abdomen
tagmosis
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legs on segments of head become specialized for feeding and sensing the environment
specialization of appendages
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leg branches into two segments and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end to end
biramous
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a single series of segments attached end to end
uniramous
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chelicerae and pedipalps function 3
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chelicerae and pedipalps are found in
chelicerates
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name of first two appendages of myriapoda, crustacae, and hexapoda
mandibles and maxillae
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trilobita example
extinct trilobites
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cheliceriformes example
- horseshoe crab
- spiders
- scorpions
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myriapoda exmaples
centi and millipedes
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-
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two phylum closely related to arthropoda
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how are tardigrada and onychophora similar to arthropoda 4
- non living cuticle covers body
- appendages on body
- segmentation
- antennae
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how are tardigrada and onychophora different to arthropoda 2
- soft exoskeleton
- appendages arent jointed
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tardigrada example
onychophora example
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4 characteristics of trilobita (extinct)
- marine
- head and body segments
- biramous
- 1 pair of antennae
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3 features of cheliceriformes
- two segment
- 6 pairs of appemdages
- uniramous
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two segments of the cheliceriformes
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6 pairs of appendages of cheliferiformes consists of
- chelicerae
- pedipalps
- 4 pairs of legs
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leg appendage cheliceriformes
uniramous
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4 features of myriapoda
- terrestrial
- 1 pair antennae
- mandible and maxillae
- uniramous legs
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myriapoda
carnivore and herbivore
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5 features of crustacae
- marine and freshwater
- 2 pairs of antennae
- mandibles and maxillae
- biramous appendages
- hard calcium carbonate exoskeleton
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6 features of hexapodas
- terrestrial, marine, freshwater
- three well defined segments
- mandi and maxi
- 1 pair antennae
- uniramous
- wings
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three well defined segments of hexapoda
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a group of organisms that can be studied winthin a site to determine the overall health and functiong of a habitat
bio-indicator
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6 synapomorphies of insecta
- 3 pairs of walking legs
- 3 tagma
- mouthparts
- wings for flight
- exoskeleton
- antennae
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3 pairs of walking legs of insecta have 3 functions
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a living fossil
bristletails
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body is long wingless with a pair of antennae
bristletails
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at the end of bristletail abdomen they have two structues
- cerci (2 of them)
- central caudal filament
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cerci of bristle tails function
sensory structures
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3 reasons why flight is the key to great success of insects
- escape predators
- find food
- disperse new habitats
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4 characteristics of all chordates
- notochord
- a dorsal hollow nerve cord
- post anal tail
- pharynx with gill slits
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long flexible rod of mesoderm found in all chordates
notochord
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ectodermal tissue that forms a spinal cord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
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muscle and skeletal elements that provide propulsive forces
postanal tail
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suspension feeding device in invertibrate
pharyngeal slits
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gas exchange in aquatic vertebrates
pharyngeal slits
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jaws and hearing in other vertebrates in chordates
pharyngeal slits
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function of notochord
flexible tissue rod that supports the nerve cord
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main structural support for the lowest chordates and is only present in the embryo of high chordates
notochord
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the cartilaginous disks between each of your vertebrate are remnants of
embryonic notocord
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develops into the cNS in chordates
dorsal hollow nerve cord
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function of post anal tail of chordates
propelling force between many aquatic species
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in terrestrial vertebrates the pharyngeal slits developed into these 3
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in earlier chordates the pharynx was known as
an opening into gut and it has gill slits
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3 subphyla of chordata
- urochordata
- cephalochordata
- craniata
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sea squirts and tunicates are example of
urochordata
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considered to be the first chordates of evolution
tunicates
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those a part of this subphylum lose their nerve cord, notochord, slits, and tail to become stationary filter feeders
urochordata
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urochordata organism retain the structures they normally loose when they become an adult
larvaceans
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lacelet example of
cephalochordata
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marine suspenion feeder that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults
cephalochordata
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these two replace the notochord as the primary support for the body of craniates
- bony
- cartilaginous vertebrate
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all craniates have a head but not all craniates have a backbone
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advantage of having a head in chordates feeding
active predation
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4 characteristics craniates share
- skull
- brain
- eyes
- sensory organs
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5 characteristics of hagfish
- deep sea scavengers
- partial cranium
- no vertebrate
- lack jaws
- no paired fins
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are craniates but not true vertebrates of the class myxinia
hagfish
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tie themselves into a not to rip the flesh off their prey
hagfish
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3 derived characters of vertebrates
- vertebrae enclosing spinal cord
- elaborate skull
- fin rays
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class petromyzintida example
lamprey
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three charactersitics of lampreys
- jawless
- basal of all vertebrate
- ancestral shared characters with hagfish
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mouth is toothed and funnel like
lamprey
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non mineralized skeleton
lamprey
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how to jaws develop for gnathostomes
skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits
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3 charactersitics to gnathostomes
- enhanced sensory systems
- mineralized endoskeleton
- pairs appendages
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this class has
jawed fished
paired fins
skeletons made of cartilage
chondrichthyans
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how to sharks and rays help with their buoyancy because they dont have a swim bladder
oil concentrated in their liver
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all of those in this type of class have a bony endoskeleton
osteichthyans
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fishes control their buoyancy by an air sac known as _______ derived from a ______
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ray finned and lobe finned fish belong to what class
osteichthyans
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the skeletal support for their fins is inside their body wall
what class is this?
actinopterygii
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2 derived characters of tetrapods
- four limbs with digit feet
- ears
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tetrapods are gnathastomes with limbs and feet
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only class of vertebrates that does not have an amniotic egg
amphibia
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why do amphibians have moist skin
complements the lungs in gas exchnage
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why does amphibian mean two lives
metamorphosis of an aquatic larve into a terrestrial adult
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the three extraembryonic membranes
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animals with amniotic eggs belong to what clade
amniote
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reason for amniotic egg
helps amniotes move away from relying on water for growth and development of their young
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5 reasons for shellof amniotes
- protection
- gas exchange
- embryo moist
- waste storage
- food
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reptiles have shells that function as
a waterproof barrier
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reptiles live in water however they are born in shells on land
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5 derived characters of mammals
- mammary glands
- hair
- large brain
- specialized teeth
- two bones incorporated into the middle ear
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echidnas and platypus are examples of
monotremes
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small group of egg laying mammals
monotremes
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are the only mammals that lay eggs
monotremes
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opossums, kangaroos, and koalas are example of
marsupials
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marsupials completes its embryonic development while nuring in a materal pounch called
marsupium
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young eutherians complete their embryonic development within a
uterus joined to the mother by the placenta
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placenta serves as a source of these 3
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eutherians have a longer period of pregnancy
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