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brau2308
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Which cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve?
CN I
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Where are the 1st order sensory neurons of the olfactory nerve?
nasal mucosa
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What are the 1st order neurons of the olfactory nerves associated with?
superior nasal concha and meatus
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What structure do the 1st order neurons of the olfactory nerve pass through?
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
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What do the 1st order neurons of the olfactory nerve synapse with?
2nd order sensory neurons in olfactory bulbs
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What does the olfactory nerve split into?
medial and lateral stria
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What do the medial and lateral stria enter?
rhinencephalon of forebrain
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The 2nd order neurons of medial stria decussate to:
contralateral side via anterior commissure
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Where do the 2nd order neurons of the olfactory nerve terminate?
various portions of temporal lobe (amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus) --this is where you perceive smell
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How many neurons long is the olfactory nerve pathway?
2 neurons --it is the only sensory modality that doesn't initially process through thalamus before going to cortex
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Which cranial nerve is the optic nerve?
CN II
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How many neurons long is the optic nerve pathway?
4
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What are the 1st order neurons of the optic nerve?
rods and cones
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Where are the 1st order neurons of the optic nerve (rods and cones) located?
retina
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What do the 1st order neurons of the optic nerve synapse with?
2nd order (bipolar cells)
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Where are the 2nd order neurons of the optic nerve?
retina
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What do the 2nd order neurons of optic nerve synapse with?
3rd order sensory neurons (ganglia cells)
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Where are 3rd order neurons of optic nerve located?
retina
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What is the optic nerve chiasm?
3rd order neurons from temporal (lateral) retina stay on same side, 3rd order neurons from nasal (medial) retina decussate (partial decussation)
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What does the optic nerve become?
optic tract
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Where do the 3rd order neurons of the optic nerve project to synapse with 4th order?
project into lateral geniculate body of thalamus
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What do the 4th order neurons of the optic nerve collectively form?
optic radiations
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Where do optic radiations travel to?
visual cortex (area 17) of occipital lobe where images are perceived
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Some of the 3rd order sensory neurons of the optic nerve go where?
superior colliculus and pretectal nucleus of the midbrain for involvement w/ visual reflexes
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What is the trigeminal nerve responsible for?
sensory/general sensation from head, neck and face
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Which cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?
CN V
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What do 1st order neurons of trigeminal nerve form?
parts of nerve (V1, V2, V3)
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Where are the cell bodies of trigeminal nerve?
semilunar ganglion
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Where are cell bodies of proprioceptors?
in mesencephalic nucleus of midbrain and pons
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Where is the mesencephalic nucleus located?
midbrain
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What do 1st order neurons of the trigeminal nerve synapse with?
one of three nuclei depending on modality
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Where is the spinal nucleus of V?
tegmentum of medulla
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The 1st order neuron of spinal nucleus of V (pain, temp, touch) synapses with what?
2nd order
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Does the 2nd order neuron of spinal nucleus of V decussate?
yes, to contralateral side in medulla
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What does the 2nd order neuron of the spinal nucleus of V become after it decussates in the medulla?
trigeminal lemniscus
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Where does the 2nd order neuron of the spinal nucleus of V ascend?
to thalamus
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The 3rd order neurons of the spinal nucleus of V project via:
internal capsule to post-central gyrus of parietal lobe
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Where is the Main (chief) sensory nucleus of V?
tegmentum of pons
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The 1st order neuron of the main sensory nucleus of V synapses w/ what?
2nd order
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What are the 1st order neurons of main sensory nucleus of V responsible for?
- two-point discrimination
- vibratory sense
- fine touch
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Do the 2nd order neurons of main sensory nucleus of V decussate?
yes
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Where do the 2nd order neurons of main sensory nucleus of V decussate?
pons
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What do 2nd order neurons of main sensory nucleus of V become after they decussate?
trigeminal lemniscus
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The 3rd order neurons of main sensory nucleus of V project via:
internal capsule to post-central gyrus of parietal lobe
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Where is the mesencephalic nucleus located?
midbrain
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What are the 1st order neurons of mesencephalic nucleus responsible for?
proprioception
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The 1st order neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus synapse with:
2nd order
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Do the 2nd order neurons of mesencephalic nucleus decussate?
yes
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Where do the 2nd order neurons of mesencephalic nucleus decussate?
midbrain
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What do the 2nd order neurons of mesencephalic nucleus become after they decussate?
part of trigeminal lemniscus
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The 3rd order neurons of mesencephalic nucleus project via:
internal capsule to post-central gyrus of parietal lobe
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What does the facial nerve innervate?
anterior 2/3 of tongue for taste (special sense)
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What does the facial nerve respond to?
chemical input
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Which cranial nerve is the facial nerve?
CN VII
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How many neurons long is the facial nerve pathway?
3
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Where do the 1st order neurons of the facial nerve originate?
w/ anterior 2/3 of the tongue
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Where are the cell bodies of 1st order neurons of facial nerve?
geniculate ganglia
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Where do 1st order neurons of facial nerve synapse with 2nd order?
- in solitary nucleus
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- spinal nucleus of V
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Where is the solitary nucleus located?
tegmentum of medulla
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What other nerves share the solitary nucleus with the facial nerve?
CN IX and X
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Where is the spinal nucleus of V located?
tegmentum of medulla
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What is the 2nd order neuron of the facial nerve in the facial nerve responsible for?
innervation of skin of a small portion of external ear
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Does the 2nd order neuron of the facial nerve decussate?
yes
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Where does the 2nd order neuron of the facial nerve decussate?
in medulla to contralateral side
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Where does the 2nd order neuron of the facial nerve ascend?
to thalamus
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What does the 2nd order neuron of the facial nerve become?
trigeminal lemniscus
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Which nerve does the facial nerve share with the trigeminal lemniscus?
trigeminal lemniscus
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Where is the 3rd order neuron of the facial nerve picked up?
in the thalamus
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What does the 3rd order neuron of the facial nerve project through?
internal capsule to parietal lobe
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What is the vestibulocochlear nerve responsible for?
equilibrium and hearing
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Which cranial nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve?
CN VIII
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Which nerves make up the vestibulocochlear nerve?
vestibular and cochlear
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Where are the 1st order receptors of the vestibular nerve located?
utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals
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Where are the cell bodies of 1st order neurons of vestibular nerve?
vestibular ganglia
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Where do the 1st order neurons of the vestibular nerve synapse with the 2nd order?
vestibular nuclei
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How many vestibular nuclei are there?
2 sets of 4
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Where are the vestibular nuclei located?
tegmentum of pons
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Where do the 2nd order neurons of the vestibular nerve project to?
- cerebellar cortex via thalamus
- contralateral cerebral cortex via thalamus
- spinal cord
- motor nuclei of CN III, IV, VI
- reticular formation
- contralateral vestibular nuclei
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What is the cochlear nerve responsible for?
transmitting sound waves
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Where are the receptors of 1st order neurons of cochlear nerve located?
organ of corti and cochlea of inner ear
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Where are the cell bodies of 1st order neurons of cochlear nerve?
spiral ganglia
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Where do the 1st order neurons of the cochlear nerve synapse with 2nd order?
in dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
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Where are the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei located?
tegmentum of pons
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Where does the 1st order neuron of the cochlear nerve decussate?
pons (at trapezoid body)
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What does the 2nd order neuron of the cochlear nerve ascend as?
lateral lemniscus
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Where does the lateral lemniscus project to?
inferior colliculus of tectum of midbrain
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Where do 3rd order neurons of the cochlear nerve project?
medial geniculate body of the thalamus
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Where do 4th order neurons of cochlear nerve project to?
auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus) in temporal lobe via internal capsule
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Where does double decussation of the cochlear nerve occur?
trapezoid body
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What does double decussation of the the cochlear nerve in the trapezoid body do?
decreases amount of auditory loss if cochlear nerve is damaged
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Which cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve?
CN IX
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How many neurons long is the glossopharyngeal nerve pathway?
3
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What are the two sensory functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
- sensory/tast
- sensory/general sensations
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What does the sensory/taste function of the glossopharyngeal nerve do?
innervates posterior 1/3 of the tongue for taste
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Where are the 1st order taste receptors of the glossopharyngeal nerve located?
posterior 1/3 of tongue
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Where are the cell bodies of the 1st order taste receptors of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
inferior glossopharyngeal ganglia
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Where do the 1st order taste receptors of the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse w/ 2nd order?
solitary nucleus
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Where is the solitary nucleus?
located in tegmentum of medulla
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Which nerves share the solitary nucleus?
CN VII, IX, and X
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Where does the 2nd order taste neurons of the gllossopharyngeal nerve decussate?
pons/medulla
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What do the 2nd order taste neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve become?
part of trigeminal lemniscus
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Where does the trigeminal lemniscus ascend to?
thalamus
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Where do 3rd order taste neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve project?
post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe via internal capsule
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What does the sensory/general sensations part of the glossopharyngeal nerve do?
- innervates pharynx, soft palate, and posterior 1/3 of the tongue --for general sensation
- gag reflex
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Where are the 1st order general sensation receptors of the glossopharyngeal nerve located?
- pharynx
- soft palate
- posterior 1/3 of tongue
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Where are the cell bodies of the 1st order general sensation neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve located?
inferior or superior glossopharyngeal ganglia
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Where do the 1st order general sensation neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve synapse w/ the 2nd order?
spinal nucleus of V
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Where is the spinal nucleus of V?
medulla and pons
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Where do the 2nd order general sensation neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve decussate?
to contralateral side and becomes part of trigeminal lemniscus
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Where do the 3rd order general sensation neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve project to?
post-central gyrus of parietal lobe via internal capsule
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Which cranial nerve is the vagus nerve?
CN X
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What are the two sensory functions of the vagus nerve?
- sensory/taste
- general sensations
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What does the sensory/taste part of the vagus nerve do?
innervate epiglottis (soft palate) for taste
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Where are the receptors of the 1st order taste neurons of the vagus nerve?
epiglottic region
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Where are the cell bodies of the 1st order taste neurons of the vagus nerve?
inferior vagal ganglia
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Where do the 1st order taste neurons of the vagus nerve synapse with the 2nd order?
solitary nucleus in tegmentum of medulla
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Where do the 2nd order taste neurons of the vagus nerve decussate?
medulla
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What do the 2nd order taste neurons of the vagus nerve become after they decussate in the medulla?
part of trigeminal lemniscus
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Where do the 2nd order taste neurons of the vagus nerve ascend?
tegmentum of medulla, pons, and midbrain on way to thalamus
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Where do the 2nd order taste neurons of the vagus nerve synapse with 3rd order?
thalamus
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What structure do the 3rd order taste neurons of the vagus nerve pass through before terminating?
internal capsule
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Where do the 3rd order taste neurons of the vagus nerve terminate?
post-central gyrus of parietal lobe
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What does the general sensations part of the vagus nerve do?
innervates external ear, pharynx, and thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic visceral structures
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Where do the 1st order thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera neurons of vagus nerve begin?
in visceral structures
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The 1st order thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera neurons follow the vagus nerve back to what?
brain stem
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Where are the cell bodies of the 1st order throacic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera neurons of the vagus nerve?
superior and inferior vagal ganglia in the neck
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Where do the 1st order thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera neurons of the vagus nerve synapse with the 2nd order?
solitary nucleus in medulla
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What is the solitary nucleus responsible for?
taste and all visceral sensory info from vagus nerve
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What do the 2nd order thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera neurons of the vagus nerve become?
part of trigeminal lemniscus
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Where do the 2nd order thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera neurons of the vagus nerve synapse with 3rd order?
in thalamus
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Where do the 3rd order thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera neurons of the vagus nerve terminate?
post-central gyrus of parietal lobe
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Where are the 1st order external ear neurons of the vagus nerve from?
small peripheral nn from external ear
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Where are the cell bodies of the 1st order external ear neurons of the vagus nerve?
superior and inferior vagal ganglia
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Where do 1st order external ear neurons of vagus nerve synapse with 2nd order?
spinal nucleus of medulla
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What do 2nd order external ear neurons of the vagus nerve associate with?
trigeminal lemniscus
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Where do 2nd order external ear neurons of the vagus nerve synapse with 3rd order?
thalamus
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Where do the 3rd order external ear neurons of the vagus nerve terminate?
post-central gyrus of parietal lobe
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If the tract (pathway) is cut, which types of neurons are damaged and where are they located in the SC?
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If the tract (pathway) is cut, what modalities would be lost?
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If the tract (pathway) is cut, where would the loss of modalities occur?
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If the tract (pathway) is cut, where does decussation occur?
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If the tract (pathway) is cut, where do the 1st order sensory neurons originate?
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If the tract (pathway) is cut, where do the 3rd order sensory neurons originate?
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If the tract (pathway) is cut, where are the 2nd order sensory neurons located?
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If the tract (pathway) is cut, which neurons pass through the internal capsule?
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Where are the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus located?
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Where is the lateral lemniscus, of what is it made, and of what is it a continuation?
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Where is the medial lemniscus, of what is it made, and of what is it a continuation?
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What is the tegmentum of the brain stem?
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What constitutes the brain stem?
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What modalities would be lost if the medial lemniscus is cut?
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What part of the body would be affected if the medial lemniscus is cut?
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What modalities would be lost if the lateral lemniscus is cut?
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What part of the body would be affected if the lateral lemniscus is cut?
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