-
Causes of the Crimea War
- Russia's desire to control Maldavia & Walachia
- Russia's protection over Orthodox Christians
- France's over Roman Catholics
-
Uniqueness of the Crimean War
- War correspondance
- Photographers
-
Nations involved in Crimean War
- Russia
- Ottoman Empire
- France
- Britain
- Piedmont
-
Florence Nightingale
- British Nurse
- Went to Crimean War & Built hospitals
- "Lady with the lamp"
- Founder of modern nursing
-
Effects of the Crimean War
- Concert of Europe discredited
- Russia's invincibility gone
-
Reforms of the Ottoman Empire
- Tanzimant: Era of the Ottoman Empire
- Lasting from 1839-1876
- Equal non-muslims for military service & equal opportunity for state employment.
-
Nationalist Leaders of Italy
- Mazzini (Soul)
- Garibaldi (Sword)
- Camillo Cavour (Mind)
- Victor Emanuel II
- Piedmont (Magnet)
-
Italian as a constitutional monarchy
1861
-
Count Camillo Cavour and philosophical parallels
- Achieving unification
- Machiavellian
-
Facts of Cavour
- Premier of Piedmont under Victor Emanuel II
- favored constitutional monarch
- Anti-republicanism
- Favor of industry
-
Treaty of 1858 between Cavour and Napoleon III
- Pact of Plombieres
- France to provoke war
-
Circumstances leading to Venetia's incorporation into Italian Nation
- Austral-Prussian War of 1866
- Prussia would hand over Venetia
-
Role of Sardinia-Piedmont in Italian Unification
- "The Magnet"
- Lead by Victor Emanuel II and Cavour
-
Cavour's keys to the unification of Italy
- Believed in strong industry
- National societies
- Intervention from a foreign power
-
Most important political development between 1848-1914
Unification of Germany
-
Otto von Bismarck
- Prime minister under Wilhelm
- Unification without Austria
- Liberal -> Reactionary
- Conservative
- Favored constitutional monarchy
- Industry
- Military
-
Strongest states of the German Confederation
Prussia & Austria
-
Reasons for Bismarck's embrace of German Nationalism
Went around liberals to achieve unification
-
Causes of the Danish War of 1864
- Denmark annexed Schleswig & Holstein
- Treaty of Gastine: Holstein to Austria
- Schleswig to Prussia
-
Effects of the Seven Weeks' War
- Austral-Prussian War of 1866
- Prussia victorious
- Bismarck achieved unification without Austria
-
Houses of the North German Confederation govt.
- Lower Branch: Reichstag
- Federal Branch: Boondesroit
-
The Bad-Ems Telegram
- Sent by Wilhelm I to chancellor Otto von Bismarck
- Bismarck twisted it to provoke war with France
- Way to get Germany North & South to come together
-
Facts about the Franco-Prussian War
- 1870-71
- Secured German Unification (1871)
- Brought North & South together
- Battle of Sedaine
- Napoleon III prisoner of war
- France forced to pay cost of the war
-
Prussia's military engagements after the Danish War
- Austro-Prussian War
- Franco-Prussian War
-
French Rulers since 1789
- LOUIS XVI
- LOUIS XVII
- NAPOLEON I
- LOUIS XVIII
- CHARLES X
- LOUIS XIX
- HENRI V
- LOUIS-PHILIPPE I
- LOUIS-PHILIPPE II
- NAPOLEON III
-
Facts about the Paris Commune
- New municipal governament
- March 28, 1871
- Intended to administer Paris seperately from the rest of France
- Dominated by petty Bourgeoisie
-
Impact of emergence of German Empire
- Germany was now super power
- Conservativism was a blow to liberalism
-
Facts about the Dreyfus Affair
- December 22, 1894
- Found Dreyfus guilty of passing secret information to the German army
-
Facts about the 19th c. Habsburg Empire
- Absolutist
- Dynastic family rule
- agricultural
- Francis Joseph (1848-1914)
- Military bureaucracy
-
The Ausgleich of 1867
- Compromise
- Created dual-monarchy Austria-Hungary
- Military
- Foreign affairs
- Monarch
-
Opposition to Czech trialism
- Hungary
- Germans in Bohemia & Moravia
-
Reforms of Alexander II
- Parliament of Russia
- Dumont never implemented
- Westernized judicial
- 1860-1874: Went from 25 years active duty to 6 years of active duty
- Abolition of serfdom
- Communes & Zemstvos
-
Problems with Serfdom in Russia
- Armies
- Domestic revolts
- Economically inefficient
- Viewed as immoral & unethical
-
Impacts that emancipation had on Russian serfs
- Pay 49 year mortgage
- Marry freely
- Right to sue
- Economic rights
- Buy & sell land
-
Revolutionary groups in Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexander II
- Populist formed by intellectuals
- Took ideas from Alexander Herzen's The Bell
- Land and Freedom
- People's Will
-
Relationship of Poland with Russia prior to WWI
- Russification
- Make them into another little Russia
-
Significance of Gladstone's ministry
- (1868-1874)
- Witnessed culmination of classical British liberalism
- 1870: government controlled school
-
Ireland's movement for home rule
- Irish land league in late 1870s
- Leader for home rule was Charles Stewart Parnell
- 1881: passed Irish land act that strengthened tenant rights
-
Typical actions of European powers in the New Imperialism
- Seized land
- Benefited from the advanced economies & technologies that they had developed since the late 18th c.
-
"Open Door Policy"
Designed to prevent formal foreign annexations of Chinese territory, and business people to trade in China on equal terms
-
Colonization in Asia from 1880-1914
- Japan & U.S
- Joined British, French, and Dutch in extending control both to islands and to the mainland and in en exploiting an enfeebled China
-
Suez Canal and dominance of Mediterranean Trade
- Opened in 1869
- Canal connected Mediterranean to the Red Sea
- Reduced shipping from 12,000 miles to 7,000 miles
- Made goods more affordable
-
Belgian Congo
- Henry Morton Stanley explored the Congo & made "treaties" with African rulers
- Leopold ruled with slave labor
-
Conflict in South Africa (1910)
- Colored were forbidden to own land
- Denied right to vote
- Excluded from positions of power
- Racial apartheid-Separateness that segregated the land
-
Significance of new German Empire in Europe
- Economic & naval rival
- Russian reforms
- Austria weakened & seeked reforms
- France isolated & weakened
-
Bismarck's goal for Germany
Maintain it as unified & strong but not expand it
-
Facts and Results of the Congress of Berlin
- Treaty of Sans-Stefano
- Bismarck "honest broker"
- Austria-Hungary get Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Russia lost 2/3 land in Bulgaria
-
Three Emperor's League, Triple Alliance, Dual Alliance, Entente Cordiale, Triple Entente
- T. E. L.: Russia: Alex II, Austria: Francis Joseph
- T.A: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
- Dual: Germany & Austria-Hungary
- Entente: France, Britain
- T. E: Russia, France, Britain
-
First & Second Balkan Wars (when)
1912-1913
-
Russo-Japanese War (when)
1904-1905
-
-
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Factors that led to World War I
- Alliance System
- Balkan Wars
- Young Turks take over Ottoman Empire
- June 28, 1914 Archduke assassinated
-
Impact of Second Morocco Crisis
- 1911
- Wilhelm II & Germany threaten France
- Strengthened alliance between France & Britain
-
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
- June 28, 1914
- The Black Hand
- Princip killed him
-
First country that mobilized against Russia
Austria
-
Reasons Germany was blamed for the war
- "Blank check" to Austria
- Declared war on France & Russia
- Invaded Belgium
-
Potential #'s of soldiers available for countries in the war
Germany
-
Schlieffen Plan
- Avoid a two front war
- French & then Russia
-
Colonel T.E. Lawrence
- British general
- Rallied support of Arabs
- Cause problems for Turkish
-
Weapons used during WWI
- Machine gun
- Poison gas
- Tanks
- Submarines
- Planes
- Artillery
- Zeppellines
-
The Western Front and Trench Warfare
- Battle of the Marne
- Battle of Verdom
- Battle of the Somme
- No man's land
- English channel to Switzerland
-
Woodrow Wilson's view of WWI
Idealistic crusade "to make the world safe for democracy"
-
Causes of the March Revolution in Russia
- Tsar Nicholas II collapsed
- In November Bolshevik party seized power from provisional govt.
- Result of monarch's ability to rule
-
Soviets relationship to Provisional Govt.
Allowed to function without supporting it
-
Facts about the Bolsheviks
- Working against provisional govt.
- Leader was Lenin
- Demanded all political power go to the Soviets
-
Actions of Bolsheviks after seizing power
- Nationalized land and turned it over to peasant proprietors
- Factory workers put in charge of plants
- State seized banks
- Took Russia out of the war
-
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
- Russia yielded Poland, Finland, the Baltic States, and Ukraine
- Bolsheviks also agreed to pay a heavy war indemnity
-
Henri Petan
- Commander of Verdun
- Became a national hero
- "They shall not pass."
-
Battle of Galopoli
Anzac: British, Australian, New Zealand forces
-
Last German Offensive
Gamble everything on last offensive.
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