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International Rivalry and the Coming of War: Before 1914, Euroepans had experienced almost __. There were wars, but none with great powers. A series of crises had occurred that could have led to war, but it was due to __that it didn’t. Until 1890, __exercised restraining influence on the Europeans
- 50 years of peace
- Bismarck
- Germany
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I. The Bismarckian System
- a. Bismarck knew a united Germany upset power made at Vienna in 1815
- i. Afraid of French desire for revence, he allied with conservative powrs of Austria-Hungary and Russia= Three Emperors’ League failed to work because of Russian- Austrian rivalry in the Balkans
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The Balkans
- i. Problem was due to fall of Ottomans
- 1. As subject peoples in the Balkans clamored for independence, corruption and inefficiency weakened Ottoman gov.
- a. Only interfrerence of Euroepan powers, who were scared of each other’s designs on its terroritoeis, kept Ottomans alive
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Austrian- Russian rivalry
- i. Austrian-Russian rivalry complicated things
- 1. Russia: Balkans gave shortest overland route to COnstantinope and Mediterranean
- 2. Austria: Balkans were fertile for their expansion
- 3. Germany: Bismarck only cared because he was scared of war between Russia and Austria and restrained both powers
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1876
- i. 1876: Balkan states of Serbia and Montenegro declared war on the Ottomans, but were defeated
- 1. Russia, with Austrian approva, attacked and defeated the Ottomans= Treaty of San Steano
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Bulgarian state
- a. A large Bulgarian state, extending from the Danube in the north to the Aegean Sea in the south, was created
- i. As Bulgaria was viewed as Russian satellite, this success caused other great powers to call for a congress of Europ powers to discuss revision of the treaty
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Congress of Berlin
- 1. Dominated by Bismarck
- 2. Congress demolished the Treaty of San Stefano and the Bulgarian state was reduced; rest of territory returned to Ottomans
- a. Three Balkan states of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, were independent
- b. Other Balkan territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina were under Austrian protection;
- i. Austria could occupy, but not annex them
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New ALliances
- 1. After the Congress, the European powers sought new alliances to safeguard their security
- a. Angered by the Germans’ actions at the congress, the Russians terminated the Three Emperors’ League in 1879
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Germany, Austria, Italy
a. Triple Alliance of 1882 committed Germany, Austria, and Italy to support the existing political order while providing a defensive alliance against France or other opposing powers
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Bismarck and Russia
- a. At the same time, he sought to remain on friendly terms with the Russians and signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887, hoping to prevent a French-Russian alliance that would threaten Germany with the possibility of a two-front war
- i. Bismarckian system of alliances, geared to preserving peace and the status quo, had worked, but in 1890, Emperor William II dismissed Bismarck and began to chart a new direction for Germany’s foreign policy
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