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ncrook
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Where does blood cell production, maturation, and death occur?
- In organs of the reticulendo-thelial system (RES)
- Bone marrow
- Spleen
- Liver
- Thymus
- Lymph nodes
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What are the functions of the RES (reticuloendo-thelial system)?
- Hematopoiesis
- Phagocytosis
- Immune defense
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Name the 3 phases of intrauterine hematopoiesis
- Mesoblastic (yolk sac) phase
- Hepatic (liver) phase
- Myeloid/medullary phase
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What does the mesoblastic (yolk sac) phase produce?
Primitive nucleated erythroblast - which produces hemoglobins Portland, Gower I and Gower II
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What does the hepatic (liver) phase produce?
- Mainly RBCs
- Granulocytes
- Monocytes
- Megakaryocytes
- Hgb F
- Hgb A
- Hgb A2
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What does the myeloid/medullary phase produce?
- Bone marrow producing mainly granulocytes
- Hgb F
- Hgb A
- Hgb A2
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How much of the bone marrow is active for newborns, young adults, and older aldults?
- Newborns: 80-90% of bone marrow is active red marrow
- Young adults: 60% of bone marrow is active; hematopoiesis is confined to the proximal ends of large flat bones, pelvis, and sternum
- Older adults: 40% of bone marrow is active
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What is the term for the ratio of marrow cells to fat (red marrow/yellow marrow) and is described in adults?
Cellularity
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What is the cellularity of the marrow that has 30-70% hematopoietic cells?
Normocellular
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What is the cellularity of the bone marrow that has >70% hematopoietic cells?
Hypercellular/hyperplastic
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What is the cellularity of the bone marrow that has <30% hematopoietic cells?
Hypocellular/hypoplastic
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What is the cellularity of the bone marrow with few or no hematopoietic cells?
Aplastic
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What is the normal range of the M:E ratio?
3:1 and 4:1
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What involves the production of pluripotential stem cells that develo into committed progenitor cells (lymphoid or myeloid) and finally into mature blood cells?
Hemtopoiesis
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What do the lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into?
B or T lymphocytes in response to cytokines/lymphokines/interleukins/CSFs/growth factors
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What do the myeloid progenitor cells give rise to?
Gives rise to the multipotential progenitor CFU-GEMM (Colony forming unit granulocyte erythrocyte macrophage megakaryocyte), which will differentiate into committed progenitor cells and finally to mature blood cells in response to cytokines/interleukins/colony stimulating factors/growth factors
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Where is the site of pre-B cell differentiation?
Bone marrow
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Where is the site of pre-T cell differentiation?
Thymus
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What are leukocytes classified as?
- Phagocytes (granulocytes, monocytes)
- Immunocytes (lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes)
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Name the granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
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What do monocytes differentiate into?
- Macrophages - to work in the tissues to phagocytize foreign bodies
- Arrive after neutrophils and do NOT die in the process
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What is the reference range for WBC?
4.0-11.0 x 109/L
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Which cells are the first responders?
- Neutrophils are the 1st to reach the tissues and phagocytize bacteria
- They die in the process
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What do T-Lymphocytes provide?
- Cellular immunity
- When activated, they proliferate and produce cytokines/interleukins
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What do B-Lymphocytes develop into?
- Develop into plasma cells inthe the tissue
- Produce antibodies needed for humoral immunity
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What do NK (natural killer) lymphocytes do?
Destroy tumor cells and cells infected with viruses
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What else are NK (natural killer) cells known as?
Large granular lymphocytes (LGLs)
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What do eosinophils do?
Modulate the allergic response caused by basophil degranulation
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What do basophils do?
- Mediate immediate hypersensitivity reactions
- (type I, anaphylactic)
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What are surface proteins expressed by specific cells lines at different maturation stages?
CD markers
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What is the term for blood cell production within the bone marrow?
Medullary hematopoiesis
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What is the term for blood cell production outside the bone marrow?
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
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Where does extramedullary hematopoiesis occur?
- Liver
- Splear
- Hepatomegaly or splenomegaly often accompany this
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What does a nucleas contain?
- Chromatin composed of DNA and proteins
- Nucleoli rich in RNA
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What forms lysosomes?
Golgi complex
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What do the lysosomes contain?
Hydrolytic enzymes that participate in phagocytosis
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What assembles amino acids into protein?
Ribosomes
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What furnishes the cell with energy (ATP)?
Mitochondria
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What is a system of interconnected tubes for protein and lipid transport?
Endoplasmic reticulum
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