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phylum Ectoprocta
- Colonial animals
- – Encased in exoskeletons
- – Reef builders
- – Marine and fresh water
- – “Bryozoans”
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phylum Brachiopoda
- “Lamp shells”
- Resemble clams
- –Shells are dorsal/ventral not lateral like molluscs
- Marine habitat
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phylum Mollusca
- Mostly marine but also fresh water and terrestrial
- Most secrete a hard shell made of calcium carbonate
- –Some have an internal shell
- –Some have no shell
- Coelomates
- Three main body parts
- muscular foot, mantel- fold of tissue over visceral mass creating the visceral cavity and secretes the shell, radula the rasping feeding organ
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class Polyplacophora
- Chitons
- –Shell divided into 8 plates
- –Intertidal marine habitat
- –Consume algae with radula
- scrapes algae off rocks with radula
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class gastropoda
- Largest class of molluscs
- Marine, freshwater and terrestrial
- Torsion in development rotates the visceral mass around so the anus is left near the head
- Many gastropods are hermaphroditic
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Class Bivalvia
- Shell divided in two
- No distinct head
- No radula
- Some have eye spots
- Gills for gas exchange
- Filter or suspension feeders
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class Cephalopoda
- Predators
- –Well developed sense organs
- –Complex brains
- Beak-like jaws tear prey
- –Some are poisonous
- Closed circulatory system
- Most do not have shells
- –Nautilus spp. are the exception
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Cephalopods can change?
- Can change color very quickly by neural control
- A set of organs control color changes
- chromatophores are organs that allow the organism to change colors by distorting the cytoelastic sacculus(a sac containing the pigments) changing the translucency or reflectivity of the cell
- –Photophores .
- These can be as complex as a mammalian eye
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photophores
are organs that allow bioluminescent light to shine from the organism
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humboldt squid
- Large squids (up to 2 meters)
- Swim and hunt in shoals of up to 1200 individuals
- Attack humans
- Range expansion all the way to Alaska
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phylum Annelida
- christmas tree worms
- Segmented worms
- Marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats
- Coelomates
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class Oligochaeta
- Oligos–few; chaite–long hair
- Earthworms and aquatic species
- Improve soils for farmers
- Hermaphroditic –cross fertilize
- Some can asexually reproduce
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polychaeta
- –Free living–Mostly marine habitat
- –Parapodia are ridge
- -like structures that are used in locomotion
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hirudinea
- –Leeches
- Parasites, predators and detritivores
- Mostly freshwater
- Used medicinally to reduce blood after injuries and surgeries
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Ecdysozoa
- Ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle
- The cuticle is shed or molted through a process called ecdysis
- The two largest phyla are nematodes and arthropods
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phylum Nematoda
- Habitats include water, soil, plant and animaltissues
- Less than 1mm to more than 1m in length
- No circulatory system
- Alimentary canal
- Most are separate sexes with females able toproduce 100,000 fertilized eggs per day
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Caenorhabditis elegans
- well studies nematode
- – Small number of cells (about 1000)
- – DNA completely sequenced
- Parasitic diseases
- – Hookworm, Heartworm, Pinworm
- Crop pests
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