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Discourse Power
- not a repressive form of control but productive
- producing people that align with preferred ideology
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Mumby on Discourse Power
power to withhold or share information based on predetermined rules on what is acceptable to talk about
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Truth and Relativity PM
- idea of englightenment is that truth is objective
- idea of PM: truth is relative to context
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Toulmin on Postmodernism
Postmodernism is not new but a return to old, prior to modernism
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4 Assumptions of PM
- form self-concepts through stories we are told
- morality and ethics are forged in dialogue and choice
- art and culture: there is no one way to perceive and express the world
- shift toward globalization
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PM frightening to Christians because
it takes away the idea of absolute truth (truth with a capital T)
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PM exciting to Christians because
reintroduces the validity of faith
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Modernity
- Time of enlightenment
- focus on fact and objective truth through reason
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Postmodernism Beginnings
- sometime between 1875 and 1970
- emotion and intuition are valued are truth
- truth becomes relative and contextual
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Impact of PM organizations
- value non-linear, counter rational models; more differentiation
- loss of certainty on management and leadership styles
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Bell's characteristics of post-whatever organizations
- decentralized authority
- individualized markets
- informal democratic processes
- empowerment
- negotiation instead of conformity
- diversity
- customization
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Role of discourse in PM
- discourse is not just for elite, but should be equally distributed throughout
- where does discourse intersect with power and knowledge?
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BMW as PM
- value of communication
- employee voice
- equality means shared responsibility
- encourage divergence
- adaptability
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Disneyland as PM
- escape of reality and therefore Truth
- through mastering our world we can become free of our world
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Gabriel's thoughts on storytelling and sense
- stories can be unconsciously symbolic of org culture
- PM allows us to privilege these over fact
- stories act as sense making device
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Evolutionary Biologists on Leadership
- during times of war alpha males became leaders
- they had very specific leadership characteristics
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Art of War by Sun Tzu on Leadership
- the art of war is avoiding conflict whenever possible
- warfare is the last thing leaders should engage in
- commit to goals you set
- burn bridges so there is no easy way out
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Athenians
- athenians educated their boys in philosophy, rhetoric and physical education
- spartans simply had soldiers
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Machiavelli
- wrote on political realities of his day
- leaders often manipulated the weak and exploitable to defend the state
- it is better to be feared than loved
- act for the greater good: choose the lesser of two evils
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Biblical leadership
- ideally, leaders are called by God
- they don't need to be born into privilege but need to be divinely granted
- wisdom lit: all could be wise but most ignore the call of wisdom
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Normative Era of Leadership
- "great men of leadership"
- those who are traditionally masculine, heroic, and individualistic
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Scientific Era of Leadership
- leaders are those who controlled the knowledge of production
- this led to a deskilled labor force so leaders could have more power
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Fielder (Leadership)
- task oriented: a group is really good or really bad
- relationships oriented: group is just okay
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Hershey/Blanchard
immature groups need telling, then selling ideas, then participation in ideas, the delegation of responsibilities
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Blake and Mouton's Managerial Grid
- score on a scale of 1-9 in task and relational scales
- the best leaders score nines on both
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Leader Member Exchange Theory LMX
- there are always in groups and out groups and not just average relationships
- in groups: more benefits but more obligation
- out groups: loss job security but also less responsibility at work
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Frames of Leadership
- position: where leaders operate
- person: who leaders are
- result: what leaders achieve
- process: how leaders get things done
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Charismatic leaders
magical inspiration. can inspire good but also can undermine society. appeal to values and not just interests
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4 Grint recommendations on leadership
- shift from leaders to leadership
- reality is a collective and ongoing accomplishment
- encourage constructive dissent
- focus on good followers and whole successes
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Max Depress's 5 foundations
- gratitude
- trust
- respect
- personal restraint
- courage to be human
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Warren Bennis Ingredients
- guiding vision
- passion
- integrity
- trust
- curiosity
- daring
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org culture applied to individuals
culture provides a framework of values that employees may use to craft/regulate identities at work
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Alvesson and Wilmott 9 Practices
- define person directly: title in their job
- defining the person by defining others: lower person says they have more hands on experience
- specific vocab of motives: a teacher who is in it for the kids
- explicating morals and values: using specific company policies to shape employee values
- knowledge and skills: specific skill sets allow one to define themselves in specific ways
- group affiliation: sense of community breeds commitment to an organization
- hierarchical location: knowing whether or not you are superior/inferior to others
- distinct set of rules: rules naturalize ways of doing things
- defining context: globalization is trending so adaptable people are trending
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Ashcraft 4 frames of identity
- Gender differences at work
- gender identity as organizational performance
- gendered organizations
- gendered narratives in pop culture
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Frame 1
- Gender differences at work
- communication styles are an effect of gender
- individual identity is socialized and stable
- org is a physical site where predictable com patterns occur
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Frame 2
- Gender Identity as organizational performance
- everyday interaction is influenced by social scripts
- identity is constantly negotiated as an effect of discourse
- org. is a physical site where identities are continually produced and reproduced
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Frame 3
- Gendered Organizations
- gendered narratives are embedded in systems and enacted in day to day interactions
- identity is a product of organizing
- org is the subject and object of gendered discourse
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Frame 4
- Gendered narratives in pop culture
- narratives are embedded in societal representations of organization
- identity is a process and object of gendered social discourses
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