The flashcards below were created by user
Johnemt
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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cognitive psychology
study of higher mental processes: language, thinking, judging, reasoning, problem solving, decision making
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mental images & how athletes use concept
- mental images-representations in the mind that resemble the object or event being represented
- athletes use mental imagery to focus on a task, a process they call getting in the zone
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prototypes
typical, highly representative examples of a concept. (ex. thinking of iPad as an example of a digital tablet
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Heuristic
Cognitive shortcut, may lead to solution(or not not)
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Availability heuristic
Past Experience w/ event expect the same to happen or use same approach
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Representative Heuristic
Decision for object/event based on average member of class
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Arrangement problems
groups of elements must be rearranged/ recombined to get result
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Inducing structure
identify relationships that exist among the elements construct new relationship among them
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Transformation problem
consists of initial state, good state, series of steps to change initial state into goal
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means-end analysis
Repeated testing to see if means(method) leads to desired outcome
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forming subgoals
Dividing problem into intermediate steps; solving each step
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insight
sudden awareness of solutions
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functional fixedness
think of object only in typical use (ex. plate only for food)
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confirmation bias
initial hypotheses, favored; later get contradictory into, yet alternative solutions ignored
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divergent vs. convergent thinking
- Divergent: The ability to generate unusual response to a question
- Convergent: The ability to produce responses that are based on knowledge and logic
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phoneme: also recognize examples
- most basic sound in a language
- affect the meaning of speech
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syntax vs. semantics
- Syntax- rules for combining words and phrases to form sentences (sentence structure)
- Semantics- rules for meaning of words in sentences phrases
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telegraphic speech & overgeneralizations; recognize examples
- few words to communicate meaning of a sentence(telegram)
- Overgeneralizations- apply rules even when applied in error e.g he runned
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info about babbling
- 1st step; language development
- Speech-like, meaningless sounds(3 months- 1 year)
- Hearing impaired-babble w/ hands
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learning theory approaches(skinner)
- theory that language learning is depending on modeling and reinforcement
- (mama say hi baby says hi)
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nativist theory
theory that languange learning is depending on genetics
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interactionist theory
- theory that language learning is a combination of nativist theory(genetics)
- and learning theory (reinforcement)
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Chompsky's universal grammer is the theory that?
all world's languages have similar underlying structure
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Language acquisition device
Neural system of the brain, permits people to learn & understand language
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Is there a critical period in language development?
Time period- child very sensitive to language cues when language easily acquired
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psychologists definition of intelligence
intelligence-capacity to understand, think rationally, use resources effectively
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fluid vs. crystallized intelligence
- fluid- info processing capabilities, reasoning, memory
- crystallized- accumulation of info, skills, strategies-learned from experience; used in problem solving and challenges
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Gardner's intelligence of body kinesthetic
skills in using the whole body or various portions of it in the solution of problems or in the construction of products or displays, exemplified by dancers, athletes, actors, and surgeons
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Gardner's intelligence of musical
skills in tasks involving music
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Gardner's intelligence of linguistic
skills involved in the production and use of language
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Gardner's intelligence of logical mathematical
skills in problem solving and scientific thinking
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Gardner's intelligence of spatial
skills involving spatial configurations, such as those used by artists and architects
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Gardner's intelligence of interpersonal
skills in interacting with others, such as sensitivity to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and intentions of others
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Gardner's intelligence of intrapersonal
knowledge of the internal aspects of oneself; access to ones own feelings and emotions
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Gardner's intelligence of naturalist
ability to identify and classify patterns in nature
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practical vs. emotional intelligence (Sternberg)
- Sternbergs practical Intelligence: Career & living success
- Emotional Intelligence :Insight into others feelings
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IQ formula; how to calculate
- (Mental Age/Physical Age) x 100
- average IQ is 120
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achievement vs. aptitude tests
- achievement test- determine level of knowledge in subject area (trained area)
- aptitude test- test to predict a persons ability in a particular area (work); sub-achievement tests
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reliability vs. validity
- reliability- test consistently measures what its trying to measure (scores)
- validity- tests ability to measure what its supposed to measure
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norms
Standards of a test that compares one test score to another score
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causes of mental retardation (intellectual disability)
- 1/3 of cases are related to biological or environmental factors
- Fetal alcohol syndrome: most common cause of mental retardation in newborns occurring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy
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characteristic of gifted
- 2% to 4%
- IQ 130+
- Most often outgoing, well adjusted, healthy, popular people who are better than the average person
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heritability
A measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors.
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