-
How many orders are there of aves? What do the names end in?
-
How many families are there in aves? What do the names end in?
-
How many different aves species are there?
8700
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What is the range of how much a bird weighs?
1.6 grams (hummingbirds) to 156 kg (ostriches)
-
How are birds adapted to get around?
- some for flight
- some for swimming
- some non-flighted
-
What are the different orders of birds that we need to know?
- psittaciformes
- passeriformes
- anseriformes
- galliformes
- columbiformes
- falconiformes
-
What are some examples of psittacines (parrots)?
- budgeriars
- amazons
- cockatoos
- macaws
-
What are some examples of passerines (song birds)?
- gouldian finches
- indian hill mynah
-
What are some examples of columbiforms (doves)?
- white winged dove
- crowned pigeon
- jambu fruit dove
-
What is a ratites and what are some examples of some?
- large flightless birds
- emu and ostrich
-
What are some examples of anseriforms (water fowl)?
- ringed teal (small ducks)
- swans
- geese
- ducks
-
What are some galliforms (chickens, turkeys, etc)?
- ocelated turkey
- peacock
- golden pheasant
-
What are falconiforms?
raptors - birds of prey
-
What are the different laws regarding birds?
-
What is the FWS of USDI?
- Eagle Protection Act
- Migratory Bird Treaty Act
-
What does the USDA do regarding birds?
quarantine of import birds
-
What does the VDGIF do?
protects wild birds
-
What is a normal temperature for a bird and what do we call this?
- 104 - 108 degrees F
- homeothermic
-
What are birds similar to?
mammals
-
What are birds typically adapted for?
- flight - feathers, light skeleton
- but flightless species do exist
-
Do birds have hair?
- no
- they have feathers and scales
-
Do birds have sweat glands?
no
-
What kind of bones do birds have that make them different than mammals?
light pneumatic bones
-
How is the spine of a bird different than a mammal?
have 8 - 25 cervical vertebrae instead of 7 like a mammal
-
What replaces the forelimbs in birds?
wings
-
What is the tongue like of a bird?
horny tongue - few taste buds
-
-
How many stomachs do birds have?
many have 2 stomachs
-
Do birds have many lymphoid organs?
no, they have few
-
What is the rear external opening in birds?
vent
-
Do birds have an epiglottis?
no
-
What is the crop?
dilation of the esophagus
-
What kind of kidneys do birds have?
elongated kidneys
-
Do birds have a urinary bladder?
no, they do not have a urinary bladder or urethra
-
Where is there a cloaca present in birds?
-
How do female birds reproduce?
lay eggs
-
Where are the ovarys and oviducts located on birds?
left mostly
-
What kind of testes do male birds have? Do they have a penis?
- internal testes
- most have no penis
-
Do females birds have mammary glands?
no
-
What is the choanal slit?
- located on the roof of the mouth
- a slit that connects through some passages to the nostrils
- the glottis will fit snugly into the choanal slit when the bird closes its mouth, and the bird will then have a closed connection from the nostrils to the windpipe.
-
What is the syrinx?
- an organ found at the junction of the end of the trachea (windpipe) with the beginning of the large left and right primary bronchi
- these are air tubes that allow the passage of air into the deeper portions of the respiratory tract
-
What are the lungs of birds attached to?
dorsum
-
How many air sacs do birds have?
9
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Do birds have a diaphragm?
no
-
What kind of tracheal rings do birds have?
complete tracheal rings
-
What do blood cells of birds look like?
all are nucleated
-
How many portal systems do birds have? What are they?
-
-
Do birds have a pinna?
no
-
What do birds have around their eyes?
sclerotic ossicles
-
What are some uses for birds?
- for food
- for leather
- transportation
- decoration
- pets
- sport
- communication
-
Is a bird nutrition important?
yes, they must have an essential correct nutrition
-
Do we need to worry about a bird temperature and humidity in their habitat?
yes
-
What do we need to make sure we minimize in a birds habitat?
stress
-
Are many pet birds fed the correct diet?
no, most of them are fed incorrectly
-
Are there commercial diets for birds?
yes
-
Which diet is best for birds?
pelleted diets
-
Are there avian vitamins available?
yes
-
What are the different types of commercial diets available for birds?
- Kaytee
- Roudybush
- Harrison's
- Mazuri
- Ziegler
- Zu-Preme
- Kellogg
- AVI-NET
- Nekton
- Lakes
- Lafeber
- Hagan
- Chick starter
- Turkey starter
- Game bird chow
-
Describe a birds skin.
- thin
- avasular
- scales on legs and cere (area around beak)
- feather
-
Are lesions common on a birds skin?
- yes, may lesions seen
- does not heal well
-
When is nutrition important for the development of feathers?
the first 3 - 4 weeks of life
-
What do feathers derive from?
keratin
-
When do adult birds molt?
annually
-
Do feathers grow fast?
yes
-
Where are flight feathers?
on wings
-
How do birds molt flight feathers?
- some one at a time so they can still fly
- some all at once during nesting while setting eggs - unable to fly during this time
-
Can birds get disease of their feathers?
yes - can get mites
-
What are stress lines?
- stress that causes a white line across feather
- discuss with client about how to destress the birds environment
-
What comes out of the shaft of a birds feather?
- calamus - barbs come out that create color
- rachis - featherless
- these two lay on top of each other so you don't typically see the rachis
-
What comes off the barbs of feathers? What is the purpose of this?
- barbules and barbicels
- allows feathers to perform what they need to fly
-
How much do birds feathers weigh?
1/6th of birds body weight
-
How fast can a house sparrow fly? How fast can a peregrine fly? How fast can a hummer fly?
- house sparrow: 30 kph
- peregrine: 100 kph
- hummer: 80 wing beats/sec
-
What are the functions of feathers?
- flight
- insulation
- water proofing
- courtship - males are brighter
- defense
-
What are the different types of feathers?
- contour
- coverts
- remiges
- rectrices
- down
- powder down
- semiplumes
- filoplumes
- bristles
-
What are remiges?
- flight feathers
- primaries: off the phalanges
- secondaries: off wing
-
Do birds groom themselves?
yes
-
Where is the preen gland?
at dorsal tail base
-
What is the anatomy of a bird starting at the top and working down?
- trachea
- esophagus
- clavicle
- keel
- pectoral muscles
-
What is the incubation period of eggs for a bird?
10 - 80 days
-
Are birds altricial or precocious?
can be etiher
-
What nourishes the chick?
yolk
-
Do all young birds require care? Even the precocious ones?
- yes
- precocious ones need to be shown what to eat
- altricial ones need to be fed
-
Do birds grow quickly?
yes
-
How do we approach medical problems with birds?
- preventative medicine
- history
- physical exam
- diagnostic aids
-
When do birds typically show signs of something being wrong?
late in the disease
-
When getting a history about a client's bird, what do we need to make sure we note?
any change in appearance, behavior, food intake
-
What usually causes dyspnea in birds?
- birds in large groups
- from stress or being overheated
-
Is restraint usually required when doing a physical exam on a bird?
yes
-
Should we have all of our supplies ready before getting the bird out of the cage?
yes
-
What can birds use as weapons?
-
Which birds are biters and which birds are stabbers?
- biters: parrots, raptors
- stabber: ibis, storks
-
Which birds use their wings as weapons?
-
Which birds use their claws/talons as weapons?
-
When we go to grab a bird, what do we need to do first?
neutralize their weapons first
-
How can we determine if a bird is too thin?
when palpating the pectoral muscles of a bird and the keel is sharp then the bird is thin
-
How do we determine if a bird is obese?
when palpating the pectoral muscles of a bird and we are unable to feel the keel at all then the bird is obese
-
Is neoplasia common in birds?
no, lumps are usually abscesses
-
Are the lung sounds of birds easy to hear or hard to hear?
hard to hear
-
What kind of blood work do we need to do before anesthetizing a bird?
at least a PVC and TP
-
Should we fast a bird before anesthesia? Why or why not?
no, they can become hypoglycemic very quickly
-
How often do we do IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) for a bird?
we do it more frequently than in mammals because birds only move air when they are flapping their wings so we give about 4 - 6 breaths per minute
-
Do we normal premed a bird before anesthesia?
no, we can give opioids only if they are having a painful surgery
-
How do we prep a bird for surgery?
- pull feathers once anesthetized
- aseptic skin prep - pain the antispetics, do not scrub
- use lightweight drapes
- keep warm
- hook up fluids IV or IO if the bird is a poor anesthetic risk
-
Are fecal exams useful when assessing a bird?
yes, because caged birds should not have parasites
-
Is radiography a useful tool when diagnosing a bird?
yes
-
How do we restrain a bird during radiology?
- tape or velcro to table
- anesthetize
-
What kind of film should we use for radiographs for birds if we do not have digital radiography?
high detail film (mammo film or screen film)
-
How do we do a laparoscopy for a bird?
- use rigid scope or otoscope
- enter thru abdominal air sacs
-
What do we mainly use laparoscopy for in birds?
for sexing
-
When using a laparoscopy to sex birds, what do the ovaries and testicles look like?
- ovaries: clusters of white grapes
- testicle: may be white or pigmented - will see 2 of them
-
What are some common procedures we do with birds in the veterinary clinic?
- clip nails and beak
- clip feathers
- weigh (in grams)
- sex determination
- fecals/cultures
-
What are ways to determine the sex of a bird?
- dimorphism in some species (males are typically brighter)
- laparoscopy
- blood tests
- feather pulp tests
- fecal steroid tests
-
How can blood tests determine the sex of a bird?
- sort chromosomes
- males are homogametic xx
- females are heterogametic xo
- opposite than in mammals
-
Why do we deflight birds?
they can escape or injury themselves by flying into windows if we do not deflight them
-
What are the two different ways to deflight a bird?
- cut primary feather: can cut either one side of both, they do grow back so must be done once a year
- pinion: amputate the tip at the metacarpal bones, permanently deflights them
-
If an owner gets a bird with a metal leg band, should they get it removed?
yes because they bird will grow and the band can become embedded into the leg
-
Are birds easy or hard to stomach tube?
easy
-
What is hyperalimentation? How do we fix this?
- poor nutrition
- tube feed, warm up food, don't overfill crop, monitor weight
-
What are the different ways we can give fluids to a bird?
- orally (gavage or tube) done multiple times a day
- intravenous (bolus or catheter)
- intra-osseous (distal ulna)
- subcutaneous
-
How much fluid do we give to birds?
50 ml/kg/day + dehydration
-
What are some common noninfectious problems in birds?
- nutritional deficiencies - usually metabolic bone disease
- trauma - fractures and wounds
- toxins - mainly lead
- neoplasia
- degenerative conditions
- feather problems
- egg bound
- chronic laying
- visceral/articular gout
- behavior disorders
-
What is curly toed paralysis?
vitamin B6 deficiency
-
What is perosis?
slipped tendons
-
Which birds do we see perosis in?
fast growing large birds such as ratites, cranes, geese/ducks
-
What happens with perosis and how do we fix it?
- leg rotates at hock
- decrease feed by cutting it in half, may need to splint leg
-
What are reasons why we would bandage a birds wing to its body?
- fracture repair
- to a soft tissue injury
- post-op support
-
What can we use to bandage a birds wing to its body?
- vetwrap, masking tape
- avoid sticky tape
-
Neoplasia is common in which birds? And which neoplasia do they get?
-
What kind of behavior disorders do we see in birds?
- aggression
- feather picking
-
What is feather picking?
- behavioral abnormality
- obsessive behavior
-
Which birds are prone to getting egg bound?
finches
-
What will a bird do when they are egg bound?
fall to the left side due to the weight of the egg
-
What are the different ways we can fix a bird that has a bound egg?
- lubricate the egg and see if it will slide out
- give calcium
- warm bird
- puncture egg with a needle and suck out the yolk, then crush the egg and let the bird pass the pieces
- ovidectomy
-
What is the first sign a bird will show they are not feeling well?
behavioral signs - eyes closed, ruffled feathers, sitting in the bottom of cage
-
What are the two types of gout?
-
What is articular gout? Is this common?
-
Is visceral gout common?
yes
-
What are the different kinds of visceral gout?
- prerenal
- renal
- postrenal
- hepatitis
- periontitis (heart)
-
What will we see in lab findings for a bird with gout?
- increased uric acid
- increased phosphorus
-
What gout related to and how do we correct this?
- related to dehydration
- prevent by giving fluids
-
What are the four main classifications of infectious diseases?
- viruses
- bacteria
- fungi
- parasites
-
What are some avian viruses?
- pox
- newcastle's
- paramyxovirus
- PBFD (psitticines beaken feather disease)
- proventricular dilatation
- polyoma
- pacheco's
- duck viral enteritis
- avian encephalitis
- quail enteritis
- herpes virus
-
What is VVND?
- velogenic visceral newcastle disease
- neurologic disease but may be respiratory
-
How is avian pox spread?
biting insects
-
How do we treat avian pox?
with antiviral drugs or immune stimulants
-
What are the signs of avian pox?
skin and mouth masses or ulcers
-
What kind of virus is beak and feather disease?
circovirus
-
What does beak and feather disease look like?
abnormal feathers and beak
-
What is the prognosis for beak and feather disease?
ultimately die
-
Which birds have problems with beak and feather disease?
cockatoos
-
What is polyoma virus?
budgerigar fledging disease
-
Is there a vaccine for polyoma virus?
yes, inject under the skin
-
What are the signs of polyoma virus?
- clinical signs seen in young birds
- peracute death
- delayed crop emptying
- depression
- anorexia
- regurgitation
- dyspnea
- polyuria
- weight loss
- diarrhea
- SQ hemorrhage
-
What is another name for proventricular dilatation disease?
macaw wasting disease
-
What age do we usually see proventricular dilatation disease?
seen in younger birds
-
What are the clinical signs of proventricular dilatation disease?
- chronic regurgitation
- diarrhea
- undigested seed in feces
-
How do we diagnose proventricular dilatation disease?
biopsy
-
What is duck viral enteritis?
- enlarged liver and spleen
- will see diarrhea with blood in it
-
What are the differen bacterial diseases?
- salmonella
- pasteurella
- chlamydophilosis
- mycoplasma
- e coli
- staph
- erysipelis
- tuberculosis
- mycobacteria
- klebsiella
- strep
-
What is another name for avian cholera?
pasteruella multocida
-
What disease is the leading killer of wild birds?
avian cholera
-
How do we treat avian cholera?
- antibiotics
- mostly seen in birds that have been bit by a cat because cats naturally have pasteurella in their mouths
-
What is another name for chlamydophilosis?
psittocosis
-
What kind of clinical signs will we see in a bird with chlamydophilosis?
- anorexia
- diarrhea
- URI
- splenomegaly
-
Is chlamydophilosis zoonotic?
yes, people will see flu-like signs
-
How do we diagnose chlamydophilosis?
- many serologic tests used - sensitivity/specificity vary
- PCR available
- Elementary body agglutination (measures IgM)
- choanoal cultures
- leukocyte counts (very high)
- elevated liver enzymes
- chlamydial ELISA
-
What are the clinical signs of sinusitis in birds?
- nasal discharge
- swelling around eyes
-
What often causes sinusitis?
usually bacterial
-
How do we diagnose sinusitis?
cytology, C/S
-
How do we treat sinusitis?
- flush
- antibiotics
- supportive treatment
-
What is mycoplasmosis common in?
poultry
-
What are the clinical signs of mycoplasmosis in birds?
swelling around eyes and joints
-
What is erysipelis common in?
turkeys
-
What does erysipelis do to turkeys and how do we treat it?
- hemorrhagic lesions in heart
- treat with antibiotics
-
What birds are prone to aspergillosis?
marine birds in capitivity
-
What causes aspergillosis?
-
What does aspergillosis cause in birds?
lesions in lungs or air sac
-
What are the clinical signs of aspergillosis?
-
How do we treat aspergillosis?
itraconazole
-
How do we diagnosis aspergillosis?
- nonregenerative anemia
- leukocytosis - increased heterophils and monocytes
- increased globulins - increased TP
- ELISA tests
- tracheal wash - will see hyphae
- rads/laparoscopy to see lesions
-
Which birds do we see avian tuberculosis in?
wild and zoo birds
-
How is tuberculosis spread?
in feces
-
What is normal crop flora and when can it be a problem?
- candidiasis
- when it overgrows
-
What are the clinical signs of candidiasis overgrowth?
-
Which birds have a problem with candidiasis?
pet birds
-
How do we diagnose candidiasis?
crop wash ID
-
What are the external parasites we see in birds?
- mites on feathers and scales
- lice on feathers
- arthropods - mainly flatflies (Hippoboscids)
-
Where are the two different places we worry about protozoa in birds?
-
What are some GI tract protozoa in birds?
- giardia
- trichomonas
- coccidia
- sarcocystis
-
What are some blood protozoa in birds?
- plasmodium
- hemoproteus
- leukocytozoon
-
What are some nematodes we see in birds?
- ascarids (round worms)
- capillaria (common in crop/intestine)
- syngamus (gapeworm)
- microfilaria (rare)
-
What is the intermediate host for gapeworm?
earthworm
-
What are some common toxins in birds?
- lead (mainly in pets, waterfowl, and raptors)
- cholinesterase inhibitors (organophosphates, carbamates)
- botulinum toxin
- teflon fumes
-
Are reptiles more sensitive to toxins than mammals?
yes
-
How do birds typically get lead/zinc poisoning?
ingesting toys or from their cages
-
What kind of organ systems does lead/zinc poisoning affect in birds?
CNS and GI
-
Do radiographs help us identify any lead/zinc poisoning?
yes, we could possibly see the lead in the GI tract
-
Other than radiographs, how else can we diagnose lead/zinc poisoning?
blood work - look for lead and zinc levels
-
How do we treat lead/zinc poisoning?
Ca EDTA and retest after 5 days
-
What is CHE inhibitors?
from organophosphate carbonate
-
Are CHE inhibitors toxic?
very toxic
-
What are the signs we will see with CHE inhibitors?
CNS/dyspnea
-
How do we treat CHE inhibitors?
- atropine/2-PAM (only if it works if you catch it right away)
- supportive care
-
What are some more different types of toxins affecting birds?
- mercury
- arsenic
- selenium
- thallium
- strychnine
- mycotoxins
- algae toxins
- PCB's
- chlorinated hydrocarbons
- rodenticides
- salt
- avicides
- nitrates
-
What are the different plant toxicities that affects birds?
- ornamentals in the home
- wild flowers
-
What are the different ways eggs can hatch?
- naturally by being warmed by the mother
- in an incubator
-
What is pipping?
bird taps on the egg shell with its egg tooth to break the shell open
-
How long does the egg tooth stay on the end of the birds beak?
for three days after birth
-
What happens to the yolk once the baby bird is born?
the bird sucks the yolk into its body and lives off of it for 24 hours after birth
-
Are pet birds susceptible to many of the same problems as wild birds?
yes
-
Can we use the same treatments and diagnosis tools in pet birds as we do in wild birds?
yes
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