Class Aves

  1. How many orders are there of aves?  What do the names end in?
    • 27
    • "iformes"
  2. How many families are there in aves?  What do the names end in?
    • 166
    • "idae"
  3. How many different aves species are there?
    8700
  4. What is the range of how much a bird weighs?
    1.6 grams (hummingbirds) to 156 kg (ostriches)
  5. How are birds adapted to get around?
    • some for flight
    • some for swimming
    • some non-flighted
  6. What are the different orders of birds that we need to know?
    • psittaciformes
    • passeriformes
    • anseriformes
    • galliformes
    • columbiformes
    • falconiformes
  7. What are some examples of psittacines (parrots)?
    • budgeriars
    • amazons
    • cockatoos
    • macaws
  8. What are some examples of passerines (song birds)?
    • gouldian finches
    • indian hill mynah
  9. What are some examples of columbiforms (doves)?
    • white winged dove
    • crowned pigeon
    • jambu fruit dove
  10. What is a ratites and what are some examples of some?
    • large flightless birds
    • emu and ostrich
  11. What are some examples of anseriforms (water fowl)?
    • ringed teal (small ducks)
    • swans
    • geese
    • ducks
  12. What are some galliforms (chickens, turkeys, etc)?
    • ocelated turkey
    • peacock
    • golden pheasant
  13. What are falconiforms?
    raptors - birds of prey
  14. What are the different laws regarding birds?
    • FWS of USDI
    • USDA
    • VDGIF
  15. What is the FWS of USDI?
    • Eagle Protection Act
    • Migratory Bird Treaty Act
  16. What does the USDA do regarding birds?
    quarantine of import birds
  17. What does the VDGIF do?
    protects wild birds
  18. What is a normal temperature for a bird and what do we call this?
    • 104 - 108 degrees F
    • homeothermic
  19. What are birds similar to?
    mammals
  20. What are birds typically adapted for?
    • flight - feathers, light skeleton
    • but flightless species do exist
  21. Do birds have hair?
    • no
    • they have feathers and scales
  22. Do birds have sweat glands?
    no
  23. What kind of bones do birds have that make them different than mammals?
    light pneumatic bones
  24. How is the spine of a bird different than a mammal?
    have 8 - 25 cervical vertebrae instead of 7 like a mammal
  25. What replaces the forelimbs in birds?
    wings
  26. What is the tongue like of a bird?
    horny tongue - few taste buds
  27. Do birds have teeth?
    no
  28. How many stomachs do birds have?
    many have 2 stomachs
  29. Do birds have many lymphoid organs?
    no, they have few
  30. What is the rear external opening in birds?
    vent
  31. Do birds have an epiglottis?
    no
  32. What is the crop?
    dilation of the esophagus
  33. What kind of kidneys do birds have?
    elongated kidneys
  34. Do birds have a urinary bladder?
    no, they do not have a urinary bladder or urethra
  35. Where is there a cloaca present in birds?
    • GI
    • ureters
    • oviducts
    • vas
  36. How do female birds reproduce?
    lay eggs
  37. Where are the ovarys and oviducts located on birds?
    left mostly
  38. What kind of testes do male birds have?  Do they have a penis?
    • internal testes
    • most have no penis
  39. Do females birds have mammary glands?
    no
  40. What is the choanal slit?
    • located on the roof of the mouth
    • a slit that connects through some passages to the nostrils
    • the glottis will fit snugly into the choanal slit when the bird closes its mouth, and the bird will then have a closed connection from the nostrils to the windpipe.
  41. What is the syrinx?
    • an organ found at the junction of the end of the trachea (windpipe) with the beginning of the large left and right primary bronchi
    • these are air tubes that allow the passage of air into the deeper portions of the respiratory tract
  42. What are the lungs of birds attached to?
    dorsum
  43. How many air sacs do birds have?
    9
  44. Do birds have a diaphragm?
    no
  45. What kind of tracheal rings do birds have?
    complete tracheal rings
  46. What do blood cells of birds look like?
    all are nucleated
  47. How many portal systems do birds have?  What are they?
    • 2
    • renal and hepatic
  48. Do birds have a gyri?
    no
  49. Do birds have a pinna?
    no
  50. What do birds have around their eyes?
    sclerotic ossicles
  51. What are some uses for birds?
    • for food
    • for leather
    • transportation
    • decoration
    • pets
    • sport
    • communication
  52. Is a bird nutrition important?
    yes, they must have an essential correct nutrition
  53. Do we need to worry about a bird temperature and humidity in their habitat?
    yes
  54. What do we need to make sure we minimize in a birds habitat?
    stress
  55. Are many pet birds fed the correct diet?
    no, most of them are fed incorrectly
  56. Are there commercial diets for birds?
    yes
  57. Which diet is best for birds?
    pelleted diets
  58. Are there avian vitamins available?
    yes
  59. What are the different types of commercial diets available for birds?
    • Kaytee
    • Roudybush
    • Harrison's
    • Mazuri
    • Ziegler
    • Zu-Preme
    • Kellogg
    • AVI-NET
    • Nekton
    • Lakes
    • Lafeber
    • Hagan
    • Chick starter
    • Turkey starter
    • Game bird chow
  60. Describe a birds skin.
    • thin
    • avasular
    • scales on legs and cere (area around beak)
    • feather
  61. Are lesions common on a birds skin?
    • yes, may lesions seen
    • does not heal well
  62. When is nutrition important for the development of feathers?
    the first 3 - 4 weeks of life
  63. What do feathers derive from?
    keratin
  64. When do adult birds molt?
    annually
  65. Do feathers grow fast?
    yes
  66. Where are flight feathers?
    on wings
  67. How do birds molt flight feathers?
    • some one at a time so they can still fly
    • some all at once during nesting while setting eggs - unable to fly during this time
  68. Can birds get disease of their feathers?
    yes - can get mites
  69. What are stress lines?
    • stress that causes a white line across feather
    • discuss with client about how to destress the birds environment
  70. What comes out of the shaft of a birds feather?
    • calamus - barbs come out that create color
    • rachis  - featherless
    • these two lay on top of each other so you don't typically see the rachis
  71. What comes off the barbs of feathers?  What is the purpose of this?
    • barbules and barbicels
    • allows feathers to perform what they need to fly
  72. How much do birds feathers weigh?
    1/6th of birds body weight
  73. How fast can a house sparrow fly?  How fast can a peregrine fly?  How fast can a hummer fly?
    • house sparrow:  30 kph
    • peregrine:  100 kph
    • hummer:  80 wing beats/sec
  74. What are the functions of feathers?
    • flight
    • insulation
    • water proofing
    • courtship - males are brighter
    • defense
  75. What are the different types of feathers?
    • contour
    • coverts
    • remiges
    • rectrices
    • down
    • powder down
    • semiplumes
    • filoplumes
    • bristles
  76. What are remiges?
    • flight feathers
    • primaries:  off the phalanges
    • secondaries:  off wing
  77. Do birds groom themselves?
    yes
  78. Where is the preen gland?
    at dorsal tail base
  79. What is the anatomy of a bird starting at the top and working down?
    • trachea
    • esophagus
    • clavicle
    • keel
    • pectoral muscles
  80. What is the incubation period of eggs for a bird?
    10 - 80 days
  81. Are birds altricial or precocious?
    can be etiher
  82. What nourishes the chick?
    yolk
  83. Do all young birds require care?  Even the precocious ones?
    • yes
    • precocious ones need to be shown what to eat
    • altricial ones need to be fed
  84. Do birds grow quickly?
    yes
  85. How do we approach medical problems with birds?
    • preventative medicine
    • history
    • physical exam
    • diagnostic aids
  86. When do birds typically show signs of something being wrong?
    late in the disease
  87. When getting a history about a client's bird, what do we need to make sure we note?
    any change in appearance, behavior, food intake
  88. What usually causes dyspnea in birds?
    • birds in large groups
    • from stress or being overheated
  89. Is restraint usually required when doing a physical exam on a bird?
    yes
  90. Should we have all of our supplies ready before getting the bird out of the cage?
    yes
  91. What can birds use as weapons?
    • beaks
    • wings
    • claws/talons
  92. Which birds are biters and which birds are stabbers?
    • biters:  parrots, raptors
    • stabber:  ibis, storks
  93. Which birds use their wings as weapons?
    • geese
    • swans
  94. Which birds use their claws/talons as weapons?
    • raptors
    • ratites
  95. When we go to grab a bird, what do we need to do first?
    neutralize their weapons first
  96. How can we determine if a bird is too thin?
    when palpating the pectoral muscles of a bird and the keel is sharp then the bird is thin
  97. How do we determine if a bird is obese?
    when palpating the pectoral muscles of a bird and we are unable to feel the keel at all then the bird is obese
  98. Is neoplasia common in birds?
    no, lumps are usually abscesses
  99. Are the lung sounds of birds easy to hear or hard to hear?
    hard to hear
  100. What kind of blood work do we need to do before anesthetizing a bird?
    at least a PVC and TP
  101. Should we fast a bird before anesthesia?  Why or why not?
    no, they can become hypoglycemic very quickly
  102. How often do we do IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) for a bird?
    we do it more frequently than in mammals because birds only move air when they are flapping their wings so we give about 4 - 6 breaths per minute
  103. Do we normal premed a bird before anesthesia?
    no, we can give opioids only if they are having a painful surgery
  104. How do we prep a bird for surgery?
    • pull feathers once anesthetized
    • aseptic skin prep - pain the antispetics, do not scrub
    • use lightweight drapes
    • keep warm
    • hook up fluids IV or IO if the bird is a poor anesthetic risk
  105. Are fecal exams useful when assessing a bird?
    yes, because caged birds should not have parasites
  106. Is radiography a useful tool when diagnosing a bird?
    yes
  107. How do we restrain a bird during radiology?
    • tape or velcro to table
    • anesthetize
  108. What kind of film should we use for radiographs for birds if we do not have digital radiography?
    high detail film (mammo film or screen film)
  109. How do we do a laparoscopy for a bird?
    • use rigid scope or otoscope
    • enter thru abdominal air sacs
  110. What do we mainly use laparoscopy for in birds?
    for sexing
  111. When using a laparoscopy to sex birds, what do the ovaries and testicles look like?
    • ovaries:  clusters of white grapes
    • testicle:  may be white or pigmented - will see 2 of them
  112. What are some common procedures we do with birds in the veterinary clinic?
    • clip nails and beak
    • clip feathers
    • weigh (in grams)
    • sex determination
    • fecals/cultures
  113. What are ways to determine the sex of a bird?
    • dimorphism in some species (males are typically brighter)
    • laparoscopy
    • blood tests
    • feather pulp tests
    • fecal steroid tests
  114. How can blood tests determine the sex of a bird?
    • sort chromosomes
    • males are homogametic xx
    • females are heterogametic xo
    • opposite than in mammals
  115. Why do we deflight birds?
    they can escape or injury themselves by flying into windows if we do not deflight them
  116. What are the two different ways to deflight a bird?
    • cut primary feather:  can cut either one side of both, they do grow back so must be done once a year
    • pinion:  amputate the tip at the metacarpal bones, permanently deflights them
  117. If an owner gets a bird with a metal leg band, should they get it removed?
    yes because they bird will grow and the band can become embedded into the leg
  118. Are birds easy or hard to stomach tube?
    easy
  119. What is hyperalimentation?  How do we fix this?
    • poor nutrition
    • tube feed, warm up food, don't overfill crop, monitor weight
  120. What are the different ways we can give fluids to a bird?
    • orally (gavage or tube) done multiple times a day
    • intravenous (bolus or catheter)
    • intra-osseous (distal ulna)
    • subcutaneous
  121. How much fluid do we give to birds?
    50 ml/kg/day + dehydration
  122. What are some common noninfectious problems in birds?
    • nutritional deficiencies - usually metabolic bone disease
    • trauma - fractures and wounds
    • toxins - mainly lead
    • neoplasia
    • degenerative conditions
    • feather problems
    • egg bound
    • chronic laying 
    • visceral/articular gout
    • behavior disorders
  123. What is curly toed paralysis?
    vitamin B6 deficiency
  124. What is perosis?
    slipped tendons
  125. Which birds do we see perosis in?
    fast growing large birds such as ratites, cranes, geese/ducks
  126. What happens with perosis and how do we fix it?
    • leg rotates at hock
    • decrease feed by cutting it in half, may need to splint leg
  127. What are reasons why we would bandage a birds wing to its body?
    • fracture repair
    • to a soft tissue injury
    • post-op support
  128. What can we use to bandage a birds wing to its body?
    • vetwrap, masking tape
    • avoid sticky tape
  129. Neoplasia is common in which birds?  And which neoplasia do they get?
    • budgies
    • lipomas
  130. What kind of behavior disorders do we see in birds?
    • aggression
    • feather picking
  131. What is feather picking?
    • behavioral abnormality
    • obsessive behavior
  132. Which birds are prone to getting egg bound?
    finches
  133. What will a bird do when they are egg bound?
    fall to the left side due to the weight of the egg
  134. What are the different ways we can fix a bird that has a bound egg?
    • lubricate the egg and see if it will slide out
    • give calcium
    • warm bird
    • puncture egg with a needle and suck out the yolk, then crush the egg and let the bird pass the pieces
    • ovidectomy
  135. What is the first sign a bird will show they are not feeling well?
    behavioral signs - eyes closed, ruffled feathers, sitting in the bottom of cage
  136. What are the two types of gout?
    • articular
    • visceral
  137. What is articular gout?  Is this common?
    • swollen joints
    • rare
  138. Is visceral gout common?
    yes
  139. What are the different kinds of visceral gout?
    • prerenal
    • renal
    • postrenal
    • hepatitis
    • periontitis (heart)
  140. What will we see in lab findings for a bird with gout?
    • increased uric acid
    • increased phosphorus
  141. What gout related to and how do we correct this?
    • related to dehydration
    • prevent by giving fluids
  142. What are the four main classifications of infectious diseases?
    • viruses
    • bacteria
    • fungi
    • parasites
  143. What are some avian viruses?
    • pox
    • newcastle's
    • paramyxovirus
    • PBFD (psitticines beaken feather disease)
    • proventricular dilatation
    • polyoma
    • pacheco's
    • duck viral enteritis
    • avian encephalitis
    • quail enteritis
    • herpes virus
  144. What is VVND?
    • velogenic visceral newcastle disease
    • neurologic disease but may be respiratory
  145. How is avian pox spread?
    biting insects
  146. How do we treat avian pox?
    with antiviral drugs or immune stimulants
  147. What are the signs of avian pox?
    skin and mouth masses or ulcers
  148. What kind of virus is beak and feather disease?
    circovirus
  149. What does beak and feather disease look like?
    abnormal feathers and beak
  150. What is the prognosis for beak and feather disease?
    ultimately die
  151. Which birds have problems with beak and feather disease?
    cockatoos
  152. What is polyoma virus?
    budgerigar fledging disease
  153. Is there a vaccine for polyoma virus?
    yes, inject under the skin
  154. What are the signs of polyoma virus?
    • clinical signs seen in young birds
    • peracute death
    • delayed crop emptying
    • depression
    • anorexia
    • regurgitation
    • dyspnea
    • polyuria
    • weight loss
    • diarrhea
    • SQ hemorrhage
  155. What is another name for proventricular dilatation disease?
    macaw wasting disease
  156. What age do we usually see proventricular dilatation disease?
    seen in younger birds
  157. What are the clinical signs of proventricular dilatation disease?
    • chronic regurgitation
    • diarrhea
    • undigested seed in feces
  158. How do we diagnose proventricular dilatation disease?
    biopsy
  159. What is duck viral enteritis?
    • enlarged liver and spleen
    • will see diarrhea with blood in it
  160. What are the differen bacterial diseases?
    • salmonella
    • pasteurella
    • chlamydophilosis
    • mycoplasma
    • e coli
    • staph
    • erysipelis
    • tuberculosis
    • mycobacteria
    • klebsiella
    • strep
  161. What is another name for avian cholera?
    pasteruella multocida
  162. What disease is the leading killer of wild birds?
    avian cholera
  163. How do we treat avian cholera?
    • antibiotics
    • mostly seen in birds that have been bit by a cat because cats naturally have pasteurella in their mouths
  164. What is another name for chlamydophilosis?
    psittocosis
  165. What kind of clinical signs will we see in a bird with chlamydophilosis?
    • anorexia
    • diarrhea
    • URI
    • splenomegaly
  166. Is chlamydophilosis zoonotic?
    yes, people will see flu-like signs
  167. How do we diagnose chlamydophilosis?
    • many serologic tests used - sensitivity/specificity vary
    • PCR available
    • Elementary body agglutination (measures IgM)
    • choanoal cultures
    • leukocyte counts (very high)
    • elevated liver enzymes
    • chlamydial ELISA
  168. What are the clinical signs of sinusitis in birds?
    • nasal discharge
    • swelling around eyes
  169. What often causes sinusitis?
    usually bacterial
  170. How do we diagnose sinusitis?
    cytology, C/S
  171. How do we treat sinusitis?
    • flush
    • antibiotics
    • supportive treatment
  172. What is mycoplasmosis common in?
    poultry
  173. What are the clinical signs of mycoplasmosis in birds?
    swelling around eyes and joints
  174. What is erysipelis common in?
    turkeys
  175. What does erysipelis do to turkeys and how do we treat it?
    • hemorrhagic lesions in heart
    • treat with antibiotics
  176. What birds are prone to aspergillosis?
    marine birds in capitivity
  177. What causes aspergillosis?
    • stress
    • poor ventilation
  178. What does aspergillosis cause in birds?
    lesions in lungs or air sac
  179. What are the clinical signs of aspergillosis?
    • anorexia
    • dyspnea
  180. How do we treat aspergillosis?
    itraconazole
  181. How do we diagnosis aspergillosis?
    • nonregenerative anemia
    • leukocytosis - increased heterophils and monocytes
    • increased globulins - increased TP
    • ELISA tests
    • tracheal wash - will see hyphae
    • rads/laparoscopy to see lesions
  182. Which birds do we see avian tuberculosis in?
    wild and zoo birds
  183. How is tuberculosis spread?
    in feces
  184. What is normal crop flora and when can it be a problem?
    • candidiasis
    • when it overgrows
  185. What are the clinical signs of candidiasis overgrowth?
    • regurgitation
    • weight loss
  186. Which birds have a problem with candidiasis?
    pet birds
  187. How do we diagnose candidiasis?
    crop wash ID
  188. What are the external parasites we see in birds?
    • mites on feathers and scales
    • lice on feathers
    • arthropods - mainly flatflies (Hippoboscids)
  189. Where are the two different places we worry about protozoa in birds?
    • GI tract
    • blood
  190. What are some GI tract protozoa in birds?
    • giardia
    • trichomonas
    • coccidia
    • sarcocystis
  191. What are some blood protozoa in birds?
    • plasmodium
    • hemoproteus
    • leukocytozoon
  192. What are some nematodes we see in birds?
    • ascarids (round worms)
    • capillaria (common in crop/intestine)
    • syngamus (gapeworm)
    • microfilaria (rare)
  193. What is the intermediate host for gapeworm?
    earthworm
  194. What are some common toxins in birds?
    • lead (mainly in pets, waterfowl, and raptors)
    • cholinesterase inhibitors (organophosphates, carbamates)
    • botulinum toxin
    • teflon fumes
  195. Are reptiles more sensitive to toxins than mammals?
    yes
  196. How do birds typically get lead/zinc poisoning?
    ingesting toys or from their cages
  197. What kind of organ systems does lead/zinc poisoning affect in birds?
    CNS and GI
  198. Do radiographs help us identify any lead/zinc poisoning?
    yes, we could possibly see the lead in the GI tract
  199. Other than radiographs, how else can we diagnose lead/zinc poisoning?
    blood work - look for lead and zinc levels
  200. How do we treat lead/zinc poisoning?
    Ca EDTA and retest after 5 days
  201. What is CHE inhibitors?
    from organophosphate carbonate
  202. Are CHE inhibitors toxic?
    very toxic
  203. What are the signs we will see with CHE inhibitors?
    CNS/dyspnea
  204. How do we treat CHE inhibitors?
    • atropine/2-PAM (only if it works if you catch it right away)
    • supportive care
  205. What are some more different types of toxins affecting birds?
    • mercury
    • arsenic
    • selenium
    • thallium
    • strychnine
    • mycotoxins
    • algae toxins
    • PCB's
    • chlorinated hydrocarbons
    • rodenticides
    • salt
    • avicides
    • nitrates
  206. What are the different plant toxicities that affects birds?
    • ornamentals in the home
    • wild flowers
  207. What are the different ways eggs can hatch?
    • naturally by being warmed by the mother
    • in an incubator
  208. What is pipping?
    bird taps on the egg shell with its egg tooth to break the shell open
  209. How long does the egg tooth stay on the end of the birds beak?
    for three days after birth
  210. What happens to the yolk once the baby bird is born?
    the bird sucks the yolk into its body and lives off of it for 24 hours after birth
  211. Are pet birds susceptible to many of the same problems as wild birds?
    yes
  212. Can we use the same treatments and diagnosis tools in pet birds as we do in wild birds?
    yes
Author
kris10leejmu
ID
211316
Card Set
Class Aves
Description
Exotic Animals
Updated