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j.d.parrott1
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Viscosity:
the property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause the fluid to flow. (the higher the viscosity, the slower it flows)
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Casualty Agent:
are designed to kill or injure personnel.
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Incapacitating Agent:
designed to temporarily disable personnel and do not create permanent injury.
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Volatility:
measure of how readily an agent evaporates.
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Chem Tactical grouping
- Casualty Causing
- Incapacitating
- Chem compounds
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Chem casualty causing agents
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Chem incapacitating
- psychological
- physiological
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chem compounds
- tear gas
- vomiting
- training
- herbicides
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Chemical Agent
Dissemination Methods
same as bio toxin
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Nerve Agents
Physical Properties
- •Variable Persistency
- –gas (minutes)
- –liquid
- –solid (days)
•Odorless
•Tasteless
- •Percutaneous &
- Inhalation hazard
•Slow hydrolysis (detoxification)
•Rapidly destroyed by decontaminating agents
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Nerve Agent Exposure
Mild Symptoms
•Sudden headache
•Reduced vision
•Unexplained runny nose
•Drooling
•Difficulty breathing
•Stomach cramps
•Nausea
•Muscular twitching
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Nerve Agents
Severe Symptoms
•Strange/Confused Behavior
•Gurgling Sounds
•Pinpointed Pupils
•Red Eyes/Tears
•Vomiting
•Severe Muscle Twitching
•Involuntary Urination & Defecation
•Convulsions
•Breathing Stopped
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Nerve Agents
Immediate Actions
- •Protect Yourself
- –Stop breathing & don mask
- –Remove any liquid (M291 or RSDL)
- •Protect Others
- –Sound alarm
- –Mask Victim
- •Identify Symptoms
- –mild case in self
- –severe case in others
- •Treat symptoms accordingly( buddy Aide or Self Aide)
- –Three Atropine
- –Three 2Pam-Cl
•Report locations of injured
•Move injured if time permits
•Continue with mission
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Mustard Agents
Physical Properties
- •Very Persistent (days to
- weeks)
•Oily liquid or dusty agent
colorless to yellow
•Smells like garlic or horseradish
•Heavier than water (small droplets tend to float)
•Slow hydrolysis
•Neutralized by HTH
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Mustard Agents
Symptoms
•No immediate pain
•Skin reddens in 4-6 hrs
•Blisters form in 1-2 days
•Healing takes 3-8 weeks
•Lung tissue contact rare
(Dusty agents)
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Blood Agents Physical Properties
- •Cyanide containing compounds that block oxygen transfer from
- blood to cell tissue
- •Non-persistent
- <15min hazard duration
- •Gas
- –colorless
- –Inhalation hazard only
•Degrade mask filters
•Smells like bitter almonds
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Blood Agents
Immediate Effects
- •Irritation of
- nose, throat, eyes
•Headache
•Giddiness
•Dizziness
•Skin flushes red
- •Violent
- convulsions occur in 20-30 sec
- •Breathing
- ceases in 1 min
- •Heart stops
- beating in 1-5 min
- •Treatment is
- limited IAW NAVMED P-5041
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Choking Agents
Physical Properties
- •Non-persistent
- 10-20 min hazard duration
- •Gas
- –colorless
- –Inhalation hazard only
- •Sweet Odor
- –New mown hay
- –Fresh corn
- –Green onions
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Choking Agents
Immediate Mild Effects
–Irritation of nose, throat, lungs
–Chest pains
–Tearing eyes
–Dry throat
–Nausea/vomiting
–Headache
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Choking Agents
Immediate Severe Effects
- •Pulmonary Edema (“Dry land drowning”)
- –Bonus effect - heart attack
- •Severe exposure Causes:
- –Violent convulsions
- –Coma
- –death
•Treatment - None
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