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Personality
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feelings, and behaviors persisting over time and situations.
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Psychoanalytic
- Emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior.
- Believes in early childhood experience.
- Freud
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Behavioral
- Consists of behaviors and emphasizes that differences stem from genetic factors and contingencies in the environment. ( reward and punishment)
- Personalities are bundles of habits by classical and operant conditioning.
- Watson & Skinner.
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Social- Cognitive Model
- Personality is influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context.
- Vygotsky
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Humanistic Model
- Optimistic view of human nature emphasizing self- awareness and the free-choice, self-fulfillment.
- Focus is on potential for healthy personal growth.
- People are innately good
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Trait Model
- Aims to pinpoint the major traits such as extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience.
- A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, assesed by self report inventories and peer reports.
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Sigmund Freud
- Developed the 1st comprehensive theroy of personality.
- Unconscious mind, psychosexual stages and defense mechanisms.
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Unconscious
- A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
- Say whatever came to their mind-free association.
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Dream Analysis
- Method of freud to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams.
- Freud said dreams are the royal road to the unconscious mind.
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Preconscious
Outside awareness, but accesible
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Unconscious
- Submerged, info kept down, doesnt easily come up.
- Unacceptable memories or thoughts
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ID
- Basic instincts
- Primitive impulses
- Reservoir of unconscious psychi energy that seeks to satisfy sexual and aggressive drives.
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Pleasure Principle
The tendency of the ID to strive for immediate gratification and satisfaction of urges.
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Ego
- The boss
- The psyche's conscious executive part of personality that mediates among the id, superego and reality.
- Principle decision maker.
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Reality Principle
The focus is to postpone gratification until the id can find an appopriate outlet in the eternal world
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Superego
- Conscience
- The part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgemtn and for future aspirations.
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Freud's pyschosexual stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency,Genital
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Defense Mechanisms
Egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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Disagree with Freud
- 1. Personality is not determined by early childhood experiences
- 2. Less emhasis on sexuality
- 3. More optimistic
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Alfred Alder
- Tensions were social in nature, not sexual.
- Child struggles with inferiority complex.
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Inferiority Complex
- Feelings of inferiority that can lead to overcompensation
- Mental illness are compensation for inferiority.
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Karen Horney
- Dealt with social relationships
- How we deal with society
- 1. more toward other people
- 2.more against other people
- 3. more away from other people
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Carl Jung
- Collective unconscious
- Common reservoir of images derived from our past.
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Projective Test
A personality test
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Personality statements
- Behaviorists believe personality is controlled by genetic factors and contingencies in environment.
- Personality does not cause behavior
- Personality IS behavior
- Personality is the result of an interaction between a persons traits and social context
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Observational learning
Learning can occur by watching others
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Personal control
The extent to which people percieve control over their environment.
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External Locus of Control
Perception that chance or outside forces beyond ones personal control determines fate.
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Internal Locus of control
Refers to perception that we control our own fate.
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Locus of Control
Extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control
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Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation a person learns when he/she is unable to avoid aversive events.
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Abraham Maslow
Developed his theory based on studying and observing healthy people rather than troubled souls
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Peak Experiences
Transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world.
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Self Actualization
The drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
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Carl Rogers- Personalites consist of..
- 1. Organism
- 2. Self
- 3. Conditions of worth.
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Self Concept
- Ones thought and feelings about oneself
- Set of perceptions and beliefs of who we are.
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Unconditional Positive reward
- An attitude of total acceptance toward another despite failings
- God's unconditional love and acceptance through Grace.
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Positive Psychology
- Scientific study of optimal human functioning
- Aims to discover and promote conditions that enable indivdual and community to thrive.
- 1. Positive subjective well-being
- 2.Positive Character
- 3. Positive Social groups
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Trait
Characteristiv pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
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Factor Analysis
Statistical technique that analyzes the correlations amoung responses on personality interventies.
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Spotlight Effect
Assuming that peopl ehave attention focused on you when they actually may not be noticing you.
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Attribution Theory
- Tendency to give casual explanations for someones behavior.
- Crediting either the situation or the persons disposition.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to OVERESTIMATE the impact of personal disposition( dispositional attribution) and UNDERESTIMATE the impact of the situations ( situational attribution) in analyzing the behaviors of others leads to the fundamental attribution error.
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Attitudes
- Beliefs and feelings that predispose a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people and events.
- They affect our actions
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Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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Zimbardo- what did he do/work with
Assisgned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed role-appropriate attitudes.
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Cognitive Dissonance
When our actions are not in harmony with our attitudes, we experience tension
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Conformity
Refers to adjusting our behavior or thinking to fit in or coincide with a group standard
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Normative Social Influence
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
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Informational Social Influence
The group may provide valuable info, but stubborn people will never listen
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Stanley Milgram
- Designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience
- Social Psychology
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Social Facilitation
Refers to improved performance on task in the presence of others
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Social Loafing
The tendency of an individual in a groupd to exert less effort
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Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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Group Polarization
The tendency of group discussions to strengthen dominat attitudes or prevailing inclinations held by individual group members.
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Groupthink
- A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives.
- Group polatization causes this to happen
- Dealt with political affairs
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Prejudgment
A prejudice is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a groupd and its members
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Components of Predjudice
- 1.Beliefs
- 2. Negative Emotions
- 3. Predisposition to act (to discriminate)
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Discrimination
Unjustified negative behavior applied to members of a selected group.
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Stereotype
A generalized belief (or expectation) about a group, applied to every member of a group.
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Why does prejudice arise?
- 1. Social Inequalites
- 2. Social Divisions
- 3. Emotional Scapegoating
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Scapegoat Theory
The observation that, when bad things happen, prejudice offers an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame.
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Just World Fallacy
The tendency of people to believe the world is just and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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Agression
- Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destory another person.
- Increases in frequency and intesity after it is reinforced.
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Three biological influences on agressive behavior..
- 1.Genetic factors ( heredity)
- 2.Neural factors(brain activity)
- 3. Biochemistry ( homrones and alchohol)
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Levels of aggression are influenced by:
- 1. Aversive condions and feeling frustrated
- 2. Getting reinforced for aggressive behavior
- 3. Having aggression modeled at home or in the media
- 4. Adopting social scripts for aggression from culture and the media.
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Altruism
An unselfish regard for the welfare of other people.
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Conflict
IS percieved as an incompatibilty of actions, goals, or ideas.
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