Psych test #4

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feelings, and behaviors persisting over time and situations.

• Emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior.
• Believes in early childhood experience.
• Freud

• Consists of behaviors and emphasizes that differences stem from genetic factors and contingencies in the environment. ( reward and punishment)
• Personalities are bundles of habits by classical and operant conditioning.
• Watson & Skinner.

• Personality is influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context.
• Vygotsky

• Optimistic view of human nature emphasizing self- awareness and the free-choice, self-fulfillment.
• Focus is on potential for healthy personal growth.
• People are innately good

• Aims to pinpoint the major traits such as extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience.
• A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, assesed by self report inventories and peer reports.

• Developed the 1st comprehensive theroy of personality.
• Unconscious mind, psychosexual stages and defense mechanisms.

• A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
• Say whatever came to their mind-free association.

• Method of freud to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams.
• Freud said dreams are the royal road to the unconscious mind.

Outside awareness, but accesible

• Submerged, info kept down, doesnt easily come up.
• Unacceptable memories or thoughts

• Basic instincts
• Primitive impulses
• Reservoir of unconscious psychi energy that seeks to satisfy sexual and aggressive drives.

The tendency of the ID to strive for immediate gratification and satisfaction of urges.

• The boss
• The psyche's conscious executive part of personality that mediates among the id, superego and reality.
• Principle decision maker.

The focus is to postpone gratification until the id can find an appopriate outlet in the eternal world

• Conscience
• The part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgemtn and for future aspirations.

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency,Genital

Egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

• 1. Personality is not determined by early childhood experiences
• 2. Less emhasis on sexuality
• 3. More optimistic

• Tensions were social in nature, not sexual.
• Child struggles with inferiority complex.

• Feelings of inferiority that can lead to overcompensation
• Mental illness are compensation for inferiority.

• Dealt with social relationships
• How we deal with society
• 1. more toward other people
• 2.more against other people
• 3. more away from other people

• Collective unconscious
• Common reservoir of images derived from our past.

A personality test

• Behaviorists believe personality is controlled by genetic factors and contingencies in environment.
• Personality does not cause behavior
• Personality IS behavior
• Personality is the result of an interaction between a persons traits and social context

Learning can occur by watching others

The extent to which people percieve control over their environment.

Perception that chance or outside forces beyond ones personal control determines fate.

Refers to perception that we control our own fate.

Extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control

The hopelessness and passive resignation a person learns when he/she is unable to avoid aversive events.

Developed his theory based on studying and observing healthy people rather than troubled souls

Transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world.

The drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

• 1. Organism
• 2. Self
• 3. Conditions of worth.

• Ones thought and feelings about oneself
• Set of perceptions and beliefs of who we are.

• An attitude of total acceptance toward another despite failings
• God's unconditional love and acceptance through Grace.

• Scientific study of optimal human functioning
• Aims to discover and promote conditions that enable indivdual and community to thrive.
• 1. Positive subjective well-being
• 2.Positive Character
• 3. Positive Social groups

Characteristiv pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Statistical technique that analyzes the correlations amoung responses on personality interventies.

Assuming that peopl ehave attention focused on you when they actually may not be noticing you.

• Tendency to give casual explanations for someones behavior.
• Crediting either the situation or the persons disposition.

The tendency to OVERESTIMATE the impact of personal disposition( dispositional attribution) and UNDERESTIMATE the impact of the situations ( situational attribution) in analyzing the behaviors of others leads to the fundamental attribution error.

• Beliefs and feelings that predispose a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people and events.
• They affect our actions

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Assisgned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed role-appropriate attitudes.

When our actions are not in harmony with our attitudes, we experience tension

Refers to adjusting our behavior or thinking to fit in or coincide with a group standard

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid rejection

The group may provide valuable info, but stubborn people will never listen

• Designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience
• Social Psychology

Refers to improved performance on task in the presence of others

The tendency of an individual in a groupd to exert less effort

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

The tendency of group discussions to strengthen dominat attitudes or prevailing inclinations held by individual group members.

• A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives.
• Group polatization causes this to happen
• Dealt with political affairs

A prejudice is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a groupd and its members

• 1.Beliefs
• 2. Negative Emotions
• 3. Predisposition to act (to discriminate)

Unjustified negative behavior applied to members of a selected group.

A generalized belief (or expectation) about a group, applied to every member of a group.

• 1. Social Inequalites
• 2. Social Divisions
• 3. Emotional Scapegoating

The observation that, when bad things happen, prejudice offers an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame.

The tendency of people to believe the world is just and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

• Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destory another person.
• Increases in frequency and intesity after it is reinforced.

• 1.Genetic factors ( heredity)
• 2.Neural factors(brain activity)
• 3. Biochemistry ( homrones and alchohol)

• 1. Aversive condions and feeling frustrated
• 2. Getting reinforced for aggressive behavior
• 3. Having aggression modeled at home or in the media
• 4. Adopting social scripts for aggression from culture and the media.

An unselfish regard for the welfare of other people.

IS percieved as an incompatibilty of actions, goals, or ideas.