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The flashcards below were created by user
DesLee26
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Explain amplification.
- amplified by levers (the auditory ossicles), which vibrate and set in motion fluid in the cochlea
- -Air pressure is amplified through the ear drum and the oval window like a pinpoint
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The Middle Ear is also called the __. It communicates with the __ via the __.
- What does this permit?
- tympanic cavity
- nasopharynx
- auditory (Eustachian tube)
- equalization of pressures on either side of the tympanic membrane
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The middle ear encloses and protects __.
What are they called.
- three auditory ossicles (these hang from ligaments from the ceiling)
- malleus (hammer)
- incus (anvil)
- stapes (stirrup)
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Three steps of sound and hearing
- 1) sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane
- 2) The movement of hte tympanic membrane displaces the auditory ossicles.
- 3) displacement of the audtoriy ossicles causes movement of the stapes at the oval window, creating a pressure wave in the perilymph of the cochlea
- 4) The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the scala tympani
- 5) vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibraiton of hair cells against the tectorial membrane
- 6) information about the region and the intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII
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What is the organ of corti?
- important organ; it's the organ for hearing
- The cochlea on a larger scale is the organ for hearing
- This is where the distortion becomes action potential; belongs to the inner ear
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True or False:
The vestibular apparatus is for balance and equilibrium.
True
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Explain rods in day and light.
- Rods do not fire in light. They only release glutamate in the dark.
- In light, rhodopsin is active; Na+ channels are closed; rods are hyperpolarized; no glutamate
- In dark, rhodopsin is inactive, Na+ channels are open, rod is depolarized; glutamate is released
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Myopia
eyeball is too long and light is reflected in front of retina
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What is LASIK surgery?
the interior layers of hte cornea are reshaped and recovered by the flap of original outer corneal epithelium
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Night blindness
results from deficiency of Vitamin A
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Explain the visual pathways to the brain?
- optic nerves: contain axons from ganglion cells of the retina
- optic chiasm: axons fro medial visual field cross; lateral stay on same side
- Thalamus
- Occipital lobe
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What does the bipolar cell layer do to hte ganglion cell layer in the dark?
suppresses it
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When do ganglion cells fire?
in the light
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Direction of light?
- axon sheet
- ganglion cell layer
- bipolar cell layer
- rods and cone cell layer
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Interneuron
entire neuron and all fibers located within the CNS; integrate sensory input and motor output
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Sensory neurosn
- convey info from skin and joints
- carry signals to the CNS
- cell bodies located w/in dorsal root ganglion
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Where are ligand-gated ion channels located?
- dendrites and cell bodies
- right at the axon hillock
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Where are voltage-gated ion channels located?
on axons
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Where do graded potentials occur?
at synapses on dendrites and neuronal cell bodies
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Which gates does GABA open? WHy?
- K+ channels
- because it's hyperpolarizing
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Where is the graded potential happening?
at the chemical synapse; specifically, at the post-synaptic membrane
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What is Ca2+ necessary for?
all exocytosis; enables it to fuse and release NT; synaptic vesicles
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Which channels does GABA open?
K+ and Cl-
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Which channels does Glutamate open?
Na+ and Ca2+
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Which NTs are available at low concentrations with specific jobs?
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True or False:
Only five ions will influx.
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The three NT that open/ close channels are which?
- GABA
- glutamate
- acetylcholine
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The anterior and posterior dorsal horns are __ matter, while the dorsal, lateral columns are __ matter.
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precentral gyrus is for what?
motor control
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dorsal root ganglion
part of the peripheral system; located adjacent the spinal cord; one for each spinal nerve; contains cell bodies of vast majorities of sensory neurons
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upper motor neurons
- indirectly initiate movement
- cell bodies located in precentral gyri
- axons project to lower motor neurons
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lower motor neurons
- directly initiate movement
- cell bodies located in ventral horns of spinal cord
- axons project to skeletal muscle
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When do ganglion cells fire?
- when they are inhibited.
- when they are stimulated, they don't fire
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When are NT released?
- in the dark
- when you perceive no light, the rods nad cones are firing
- When in the light, they stop
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True or False:
Medial fibers remain hte same. lateral fibers cross.
false: medial fibers cross. Lateral remain the same
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What is the only molecule actually changing in response to light?
retinal
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Animals with compound eyes?
- polychaete
- crustaceans
- insects
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