Extras for Bio

• amplified by levers (the auditory ossicles), which vibrate and set in motion fluid in the cochlea
• -Air pressure is amplified through the ear drum and the oval window like a pinpoint

• tympanic cavity
• nasopharynx
• auditory (Eustachian tube)
• equalization of pressures on either side of the tympanic membrane

• three auditory ossicles (these hang from ligaments from the ceiling)
• malleus (hammer)
• incus (anvil)
• stapes (stirrup)

• 1) sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane
• 2) The movement of hte tympanic membrane displaces the auditory ossicles. 
• 3) displacement of the audtoriy ossicles causes movement of the stapes at the oval window, creating a pressure wave in the perilymph of the cochlea
• 4) The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the scala tympani
• 5) vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibraiton of hair cells against the tectorial membrane
• 6) information about the region and the intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII

• important organ; it's the organ for hearing
• The cochlea on a larger scale is the organ for hearing
• This is where the distortion becomes action potential; belongs to the inner ear

True

• Rods do not fire in light. They only release glutamate in the dark.
• In light, rhodopsin is active; Na+ channels are closed; rods are hyperpolarized; no glutamate
• In dark, rhodopsin is inactive, Na+ channels are open, rod is depolarized; glutamate is released

eyeball is too long and light is reflected in front of retina

the interior layers of hte cornea are reshaped and recovered by the flap of original outer corneal epithelium

results from deficiency of Vitamin A

• optic nerves: contain axons from ganglion cells of the retina
• optic chiasm: axons fro medial visual field cross; lateral stay on same side
• Thalamus
• Occipital lobe

suppresses it

in the light

• axon sheet
• ganglion cell layer
• bipolar cell layer
• rods and cone cell layer

entire neuron and all fibers located within the CNS; integrate sensory input and motor output

• convey info from skin and joints
• carry signals to the CNS
• cell bodies located w/in dorsal root ganglion

• dendrites and cell bodies
• right at the axon hillock

on axons

at synapses on dendrites and neuronal cell bodies

• K+ channels
• because it's hyperpolarizing

at the chemical synapse; specifically, at the post-synaptic membrane

all exocytosis; enables it to fuse and release NT; synaptic vesicles

K+ and Cl-

Na+ and Ca2+

• dop.
• ser.
• nor-epi.

• False
• four ions

• GABA
• glutamate
• acetylcholine

• grey
• white

motor control

part of the peripheral system; located adjacent the spinal cord; one for each spinal nerve; contains cell bodies of vast majorities of sensory neurons

• indirectly initiate movement
• cell bodies located in precentral gyri
• axons project to lower motor neurons

• directly initiate movement
• cell bodies located in ventral horns of spinal cord
• axons project to skeletal muscle

• when they are inhibited.
• when they are stimulated, they don't fire

• in the dark
• when you perceive no light, the rods nad cones are firing
• When in the light, they stop

false: medial fibers cross. Lateral remain the same

retinal

• polychaete
• crustaceans
• insects