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What are the 6 types of cells found in olfactyory epithelium
- I) Ciliated bipolar receptor cells:
- II) Microvillar cells:
- III) Sustentacular cells: insulate bipolar cells
- IV) Lining epithelium of Bowman’s glands & ducts
- V) Horizontal (dark) basal cells
- VI) Globose (light) basal cells
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4 types of nasal epithelium?
- 1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
- 2. Pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar
- 3. Goblet cells
- 4. Basal cells
- (Nasal vestibule: stratified squamous epithelium)
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What factors are present in nasal secretions to fight infections?
- 1. IgA
- 2. IgG
- 3. Interferon
- 4. Lysozymes
- 5. Lactoferon
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5 foramen of the maxilla
- Infraorbital foramen
- Greater palatine foramen
- Lesser palatine foramen
- Incisive foramina
- Maxillary ostium
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Derivatives of the ethmoturbinals?
- 1. First: ascending portion = agger nasi
- 2. First: descending portion = uncinate
- 3. Second: middle turbinate
- 4. Fourth and fifth: superior turbinate
- 5. Maxilloturbinal: inferior turbinate
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4 lamella of paranasal sinuses?
- 1. Uncinate
- 2. Ethmoid bulla
- 3. Basal lamella of MT
- 4. Basal lamella of ST
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Types of pneumatization of sphenoid sinus?
- 1. Sellar (86%)
- 2. Presellar (11%)
- 3. Conchal (3%)
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Anatomic landmarks and distances for anterior ethmoid artery ligation?
AEA is 14 - 22 mm posterior to the anterior lacrimal crest along the ethmofrontal suture
PEA is 10 - 12 mm posterior to AEA
Optic nerve is 4 to 7 mm posterior to PEA
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Kero's classification of crista galli relative to lateral lamella of cribriform plate
- Type I: 1 -3 mm
- Type II 4 - 8 mm
- Type III 8 - 16 mm
- Type IV asymmetric
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Most common benign nasal lesions?
- Osteoma
- Hemangioma
- Papilloma
- Angiofibroma
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5 types of nasopharyngeal cysts?
- Rathke's pouch cyst
- Thornwaldt's cyst
- Intra-adenoidal cyst
- Extra-adenoidal cyst
- Branchial cleft cyst
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6 Features of Kartagener's SYndrome
- I)
- Autosomal recessive inherited lack of dynein arms in A-tubules (9+2 microtubule structure)
- Sx:
- i) Sinusitis
- ii) Bronchiectasis
- iii) Chronic cough
- iv) Situs inversus & dextrocardia
- v) Infertility (♂)
- vi) Otitis media
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DDx of small round cells on nasal biopsy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- Esthesioneuroblastoma
- Lymphoma
- Melanoma
- SNUC
- hemangiopericytoma
- Immature teratoma
- Carcinoid
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Superior orbital fissure syndrome?
- Contents of SOF affected:
- Branches of opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
- III, IV, and VI nerves
- Resulting in : proptosis, orbital pain, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, forehead parasthesias
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Kallmann's syndrome characteristics:
- Inadequate GnRH secretion by hypothalamas
- Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
- Micropenis
- Cryptorchidism
- Unilateral renal agenesis
- Agenesis of olfactory lobes (anosmia)
- Deafness
- midline facial deformities
- Diabetes
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