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what are ointments
semisolid preps for external application to skin or mucous
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uses of ointments
- medicated: antifungal/keratolytic (e.g. benzoic acid/salicylic acid) or skin irritation/inflammation (e.g. hydrocortisone ointment)
- non medicated: emollient or lubricant (e.g. vaseline)
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transappendageal penetration goes through:
- hair follicles
- sweat glands
- sebum gland
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types of ointment bases
- oleaginous
- absorption
- w/o emulsion
- o/w emulsion
- water soluble
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oleaginous bases (made of, examples, solubility, description)
- insoluble in water
- e.g. petrolatum, white petrolatum
- emollient, occlusive, greasy
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absorption bases (made of, examples, solubility, description)
- w/o emulsifying agent + oleaginous base
- e.g. hydrophilic petrolatum, aquabase, aquaphor
- insoluble in water
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w/o emulsion (made of, examples, solubility, description)
- absorption base + water
- e.g. cold cream, Eucerin, hydrous lanolin
- insoluble in water
- not water washable
- contains water
- emollient, occlusive, greasy
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o/w emulsion (made of, examples, solubility, description)
- disappear or vanish on application, non-occlusive, non-greasy
- hydrophilic ointment
- e.g. Dermabase, Unibase
- will absorb water
- water washable
- contains water
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water soluble (made of, examples, solubility, description)
- has no oil phase
- e.g. polyethylene glycol ointment
- water soluble, water washable
- will absorb water
- anhydrous or hydrous
- non occlusive and non greasy
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things used to preserve ointments
- chemical antimicrobials
- p-hydroxybenzoates
- phenols
- benzoic acid
- sorbic acid
- quaternary ammonium salts
- organic mercury compounds
- formaldelyde
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ways to prepare an ointment
- incorporation: mix together with mortar/pestle, spatula or slab roller
- fusion: melt and mix in porcelain dish or beaker
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