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clot
the gel that blood forms outside of the body
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thrombosis
if blood clots too easily. This can be the result. Clotting in an undamaged blood vessel
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clotting factors
these factors include calcium ions Ca2+, several inactive enzymes that are synthesized by hepatocytes (liver cells) and released into the blood stream, and various molecules associated with platelets or damaged tissues
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extrinsic pathway
has fewer steps than intrinsic pathway and occurs rapidly. Thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside blood vessels and initiates the formation of prothrombinase. Thromboplastin is released from the surfaces of damaged cells
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intrinsic pathway
more complex than the extrinsic and it occurs more slowly, usually requiring several minutes. Its activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood, outside tissue damage is not needed
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Common pathway
the formation of prothrombinase marks the beginning of the common pathway
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clot retraction
is the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot. The fibrin threads attached to the damaged surfaces of the blood vessels gradually contract as platelets pull on them.
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Vitamin K
is responsible for four clotting factors
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fibrinolytic system
dissolves small, inappropriate clots; it also dissolves clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired.
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plasminogen
when a clot is formed an inactive plasma enzyme called this is incorporated into the clot
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plasmin
both body tissues and blood contain substances that can activate plasminogen to make plasmin, and active plasma enzyme
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anticoagulants
substances that delay, suppress or prevent blood clotting
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antithrombin
an anticoagulant which blocks the action of several factors including prothrombin
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heparin
an anticoagulant that is produced by mast cells and basophils, combines with antithrombin and increases its effectiveness in blocking thrombin
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intravascular blood clotting
Blood clots may sometimes form within the cardiovascular system.
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thrombosis
clotting in an unbroken blood vessel. The clot itself is called a thrombus, may dissolve spontaneously
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embolus
a blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the blood stream
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pulmonary embolism
when an embolus lodges in the lungs
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agglutinogens
the surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
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