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List and briefly describe the major functions of the kidneys
- Regulate the ionic composition of the blood
- Regulate the pH of the blood
- Excrete more hydrogen ion or excrete less hydrogen ion
- Regulate blood volume (conserve more water or eliminate more water)
- Regulate blood pressure (Hormone renin)
- Help to regulate blood osmolality (appropriate ratio of solutes to the amount of water)
- Calcitriol (Precursor of vitamin D)
- Erythropoietun (production of RBC)
- Excretion of waste
- Excretion of foreign/excess substances
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Describe the general shape and location of the kidneys.
- Bean Shaped in humans
- Approximately at waste level in humans
- Between last thoracic vertebra and 3rd lumbar vertebra
- Retroperitoneal
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What do we mean when we describe the kidneys as “retroperitoneal”?
Not enclosed by peritoneal
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What are the two main regions of the kidneys ?
- Renal Cortex: Smooth outer part
- Medulla: Inner Part (triangular shaped structures)
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Describe the appearance of the renal medulla.
- Triangular shaped (pyramids)
- Rectangular shaped between them (columns)
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Name the main blood vessels that supply the kidneys.
- Renal Artery (takes blood to kidneys
- Renal Vein (takes blood away from kidneys)
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Identify the vessels through which a blood cell would pass in going from the afferent arterioles to the peritubular venules.
- Afferent Arterioles
- Glomerular Capillaries
- Efferent Arterioles
- Peritubular Capillaries
- Peritubular Venules
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What is a nephron ?
Functional unit of the kidney
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Name the two main parts of a nephron.
- Renal corpusole (blood is filtered)
- Renal Tubrile (filtered fluid is processed) (filtrate=fluid)
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List and define the three basic processes involved in urine formation.
- Glomerular Filtration: water and solutes move from glomerulus to the capsule
- Tubular Re-absorption: Most of the water and the useful solutes are returned to the blood
- Tubular Secretion: Other kinds of wastes (drugs, ions) are added to the blood
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What causes filtration in the glomerulus ?
- Porous capillaries and high blood pressure
- Efferent art. is smaller than afferent artery
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Why is the volume of fluid filtered by the renal corpuscle much higher than in other capillaries of the body ?
- Glomerulus has a large surface area
- High pressure occurs bc trying to filter a large amount of blood
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What types of molecules pass through the membrane of the glomerulus ?
Small molecules (glucose, amino acids, water)
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What types of molecules and substances should not pass through the membrane of the
glomerulus?
Big Molecules (Proteins, Blood Cells)
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Briefly describe the three main pressures that affect glomerular filtration.
- Blood Hydrostatic Pressure: if an organisms blood pressure is low, less liquid is filtered out
- Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure: from liquid that starts to fill up capsule
- Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure: pressure of liquid going back into the blood stream
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Identify some of the forces which affect the glomerular filtration rate.
- Blood Pressure
- Blood Volume
- Kidneys can auto regulate (try to fix it on its own)
- Kidney can produce hormones
- Nerves
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Generally speaking, what percentage of the filtrate is typically reabsorbed ?
about 99%
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In which part of the nephron does most tubular reabsorption occur ?
Most will happen in 1st part of Henels loop and proximal convoluted tubule.
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Name some of the solutes which are reabsorbed.
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What are the two general processes (routes) by which a solute may be reabsorbed ?
- Some material pass through gaps of adjacent cells
- Most things go out through tubule cells (active transport)
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Define transport maximum.
Upper limit on how fast a transporter molecule can work
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Distinguish between obligatory water reabsorption and facultative water reabsorption. Where does each type of reabsorption occur most commonly ?
- Abligatory Water Re-absorption: Has to happen. Happens in collecting duct.
- Faciltated Water Re-absorption: Variabled. Happens in PCT.
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What is tubular secretion ?
Transfer of materials from the blood an tubule cells into the filtrate.
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Name some substances which are moved by tubular secretion.
- Hydrogen Ion (if body to acid)
- Potassium
- Ammonia
- Certain Medications (Penicillin)
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Name two important results of tubular secretion.
- 1. Helps to control the pH of the blood
- 2. Elimination of certain substances from the body
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Name four hormones which affect tubular reabsorption and secretion and briefly discuss their effects.
- 1. ADH (anti diarrheic hormone): increases permiability of collecting duct, less water in urine
- 2. Aldosterone (Adrenal Gland): Area of PCT, Works by increasing the amount of sodium that's reabsorbed
- 3. ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide): made by rt atrium, cause less reabsorbtion of sodium, more water in filtrate
- 4. Papathormone (Parathyroid Gland): Raises the amount of calcium in the blood
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How does the process of forming concentrated urine differ from the process of forming dilute urine ?
- To make urine more dilute: Can add water to it or can take some of the glucose out Body can not add more water to it so have to take some glucose out
- To make more concentrated urine: take out more water. Anti diarrheic hormone would open the collecting duct
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What is urinalysis ?
Analysis of the volume, physical, chemical, microscopic properties of urine
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Briefly describe the characteristics of normal urine.
- Color: is yellow from breakdown of RBC
- Shade: of urine depends on (concentration, diet, dyes in vitamins)
- Turbidity: of urine (turbidity=cloudiness) (clear normal) (mucous, bacterial growth make cloudy)
- Odor: (fresh doesn't smell bad, if sat ammonia smell, smell varies with diet, fruity means diabetes
- pH: varies with diet (more acid) more alkaline in vegetarians
- specific gravity: (urine heavier then water), varies with concentration
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List and briefly describe abnormal constituents that might be detected during urinalysis.
- Blood (white cells mean infection)
- Protein (albumin) in blood
- Glucose
- Ketones
- Bilirubin
- Casts
- stones
- microbes (should not be microbes if collected using catheter)
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Briefly describe the process of dialysis.
- Dialysate (optimal levels)
- Blood --> Dialysis Tubing
- waste leaves dialysis tubing
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Name the structures through which urine passes on its way from the collecting ducts to the urinary bladder.
- Collecting Duct
- Papillary Duct (in renal pyramid)
- Minor Calyx
- Major Calyx
- Renal Pelvis
- Ureter
- Urinary Bladder
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Describe the location of the ureters.
- Connect kidneys to bladder
- Outside retral peritoneum
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What forces cause urine to move through the ureters ?
- Gravity
- Hydrostatic Pressure
- Peristalsis
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What prevents urine from flowing backwards from the bladder to the ureters ?
- physiological sphincter
- Buildup of pressure suppress openings which prevents backflow
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Describe the shape and location of the urinary bladder.
- Shape depends on fullness
- pear shaped when full
- Location in abdomen posterior to pubic synthesis
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What is the trigone ?
Triangle shape between 2 urithra openings
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Describe the structures which control the opening of the urethra to the outside.
- sphincter at the base of the urithra
- Internal urithral sphincter: involuntary
- External urithral sphincter: voluntary
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What is micturition ?
Technical term for urination
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Describe the control of micturition.
- As the bladder fills with urine the pressure wil increase and the blatter will stretch
- Stretch recepters are nerve endingsthat signals the spinal chord
- Spinal chord start mictrition reflex
- Detrusor will start to contract
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What is the urethra ?
- Tube leading from floor of the bladder to the outside
- Longer in males
- more complex
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Generally speaking, how does its structure differ in males as compared to females ?
- go through prostate gland and penis in males
- Shorter in female make them more susceptible to UTI
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Name and briefly describe the other body systems which participate in waste management.
- GI tract gets rid of food (some water, salts, CO2)
- Lungs excrete CO2 and water vapor
- Sweet eliminates some water
- Liver helps detoxify waste
- Blood transports waste,
- buffers in blood help minimize pH change
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