Nutrition

_______ nutrients are those that cannot be made by the body and must be obtained in the diet

There are six categories of nutrients:

Except for lactose and small amounts of glycogen found in meats, all the _______ we ingest are derived from plants

______ is the carbohydrate molecule ultimately used by the body as fuel to make ATP

The current recommendation of carbohydrates daily is 

proteins in eggs, milk, and meats are considered to be _______ proteins that meet all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth 

The body is in __________ ______ when the amount of nitrogen ingested in proteins is equal to the amount lost in urine and feces

______________ hormones accelerate protein synthesis and growth

________ is the general term for all reactions in which larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

_______ refers to all processes that break down complex structures to simpler ones

In _____________ reactions one substance is oxidized and loses energy by losing electrons, while another substance is reduced and gains energy and electrons that are transferred from the oxidized substance

_____________ phosphorylation occurs when high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated substrates to ADP

________ phosphorylation is carried out by electron transport, which occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria and couples the movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions

________ is a series of ten steps where clucose is converted into two pyretic acid molecules in the cytosol of cells

__________ _______ occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria where the pyretic acid is passed through a series of reactions that generate reduced electron carrier molecules, NADH 1 H1 and FADH2

Electron transport chain passes electrons through a series of oxidative phosphorylation reactions that generate ____ ATP molecules

_________ is the formation of glycogen, the animal storage form of glucose, that occurs when excess glucose is ingested

____________ is the breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules that occurs when the blood sugar levels drop

____________ is the process of forming new glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules that occurs in the liver using glycerol and amino acids

Most body cells easily convert glycerol to __________ phosphate, a glycolysis intermediate that enters the krebs cycle

_____ _______ is the first phase of fatty acid metabolism where fatty acid chains are split into two carbon acetic acid fragments and coenzymes are reduced

_____________ is the reformation of triglycerides from unused glycerol and fatty acid chains for store in the body 

________ is the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids to be used by the body for fuel

________ __________ occurs whenever proteins have reached the end of their life span and must be broken down to replace the "aged" proteins

________ is the process of transferring an amine group to alpha-ketoglutaric acid to make glutamic acid

________ ________ occurs in the liver and removes the amine group of glutamic acid as ammonia and regenerates alpha-ketoglutaric acid

____ _____ _______ is used to produce molecules that can be oxidized in the Krebs cycle or converted to glucose from keto acids produced through transamination

The body exists in a ________ _________-_______ state, where substances are continually being broken down and rebuilt

__________ _____ is the time during and shortly after eating when nutrients are moving into the blood from the GI tract

Absorbed __________ are delivered directly to the liver where they are converted into glucose and either used by the cells of the body, stored as glycogen, or converted into fats to be stored

_________ are either used for anabolic purposes or stored in adipose tissue

______ _____ are delivered to the liver, which dominates some and uses others to make plasma proteins, but most remain in the blood to be distributed to body cells

______ directs all events of the absorptive state

_________ ____ is the period when the GI tract is empty and energy resources are supplied by the body reserves 

Sources of blood glucose include glycogen in the 

__________ ________ is the increased use of noncarbohydrate fuel molecules for energy to save glucose during times of fasting

the sympathetic nervous system and several hormones interact to control the 

The hepatocytes carry out over ____ metabolic functions 

ABout _____ of cholesterol is made in the liver and other body cells, and is lost from the body in bile salts in feces

____________ fatty acids stimulate liver synthesis of cholesterol and inhibit its excretion from the body

_________ fatty acids enhance excretion of cholesterol from the body

________ fatty acids cause a greater increase in LDL levels and a greater reduction in HDL levels than saturated fatty acids

Smoking, coffee drinking, and stress ______ LDL levels; regular aerobic exercise appears to  ______ LDL levels and ______ HDl levels 

_______ ______ is the energy liberated during food oxidation

_____ ______ includes energy lost as heat, energy used to do work, and energy that is stored as fat or glycogen

The body's rate of energy output is called the _______ _____, which is the total heat produced by all the chemical reaction and mechanical work of the body

The ______ ______ _____ reflects the energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities 

the _______ _________ ______ is the rate of kilocalorie consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities both involuntary and voluntary

______ is the loss of heat in the form of infrared waves 

_______ is the transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler one when the two are in direct contact with each other

_______ occurs when the warm air surrounding the body expands and rises and is replaced by cooler air molecules