PSYCH 220 TEST 2

the complete set of genes that an organism possesses

30,000-80,000 genes and 23 pairs of chromosomes

• proportion of observed variance in a group of individuals that can be explained or accounted for by genetic variance
• OR

proportion of pheotypic variance that is attributable to genetic variance

proportion of observed variance in a group of individuals attributable to environmental variance

• selective breeding
• family studies
• twin studies
• adoption studies

estimates heritability by gauging whether identical twins (MZ, 100%) are more similar than fraternal twins (DZ, 50%)

to calculate heritability: 2(rmz - 4dz)

positive correlations between adoptive children and adoptive parents provide evidence of environmental influence

positive correlations between adopted children and genetic parents provide evidence of genetic influence

environment has influences primarily in the form of nonshared variables; shared environment has little impact

features of the environment shared by siblings in the family environment (ex. number of books in home)

features of the environment that differ across siblings in the family environment (ex. different friends and teachers)

powers the mind; believed to motivate ALL human behavior

instincts (sex and aggression) are the source of psychic energy

model of emotional or instinctive pressures and their release; aggression is a force that builds relentlessly without cause unless released

represents inborn, unconscious portion of the personality

Eros

promote positive, constructive behavior

Thanatos

responsible for aggression and destructiveness

psycholanalytic concept describing people seeking pleasure and avoiding suffering (pain) in order to satisfy their biological and psychological needs

driven force of the id

personality and behavior are determined more by psychological factors, with unconscious portions of our personality influencing thought, feeling and behavior

there is a reason behind every thought, feeling or behavior

people and born with basic needs or instincts

each person faces the task of figuring out how to meet his/her basic needs in a world that frustrates these efforts

personality develops out of a person's struggles with this task and is reflected through the way they carry out this task

concerns how people cope with their sexual and aggressive instincts within the constraints of civilized society

one part of the mind creates the urges, another has a sense of what society expects, and another tries to satisfy those urges within the bounds of reality and society

• personality has 3 parts:
• id - wants immediate satisfaction with no consideration for reality
• ego - meets the needs of the id by taking reality into account
• super-ego - inhibits the biological instincts of the id
• 

occur when the id, ego, and super-ego clash

ego strives to prevent anxiety of guilt associated with conscious awareness of unacceptable id impulses

occurs in response to real, external threat to a person

occurs when there is direct conflict between the id and the ego

caused by conflict between the ego and super-ego

not acknowledging that there is a problem

suppressing a memory until it disappears into the subconscious

putting your own beliefs or behavior onto someone else

showing emotion toward someone or something completely unrelated to that which caused the emotion

making up explanations for something that has happened

acting in a way that is not typical for your age

patient blocks memories from conscious memory

the redirection of a patient's feelings for a significant person to the therapist

repetition of a traumatic even or its circumstances over and over again

1. Unconscious plays a large role in life, but is not the universal influence Freud held it was

2. Behavior reflects compromises in conflict between mental processes

3. Childhood plays an important role in persoality development, particularaly in shaping adult relationship styles

4. Mental representations of self and others guide interactions with others

5. Personality development involves not just regulating sexual and aggressive feelings, but also moving from an immature socially dependent way of relating to others to a mature independent relationship style

8 stages of psychosocial development with unique developmental teasks

developmental change occurs throughout life span

an inner sense of who we are, what makes us unique, feeling of wholeness and sense of continuity over time

addresses biological, social, situational, and personal influences

• must adaptively (acquire strengths and assests needed for the next stage) or maladaptively (less likely to be able to adapt to later problems) cope with each task in each developmental stage
• 

emphasizes social relationships and their origins in childhood

internal wishes, desires, and urges of child not as important as developing relationships with significant others

others, particularly the mother, become internalized by the child in the form of mental objects

first social attachments that infant develops form prototypes for all future meaningful relationships

a strong affectional bond between infants and their caregivers

infant feels safe around their caregiver, enjoy exploring new environments, and often use the caregiver as a "safe home base"

infant doesn't rely on their caregivers for security and often avoids close contact with them

infant often engages in continuous efforts to maintain contact with their caregiver, and often cling to them in new situations

inhibited and show signs of fear

early attachment experiences and reactions of the infant to parents, especially the mother, form "working models" for later adult relationships

internal states that arouse and direct behavior towards a specific object or goal that are based on NEEDS

• often caused by a deficit or lack of something
• 

a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances

associated with a specific intention or desire, a particular set of emotions, specific behavioral patterns, and a description with trait names

• Achievement
• Power
• Intimacy

these people prefer activities that offer some, but not too much of a challenge

enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for the outcome

prefer tasks where feedback on their performance is available

these people are interested in controlling situations and controlling others

do not deal well with frustration and conflict

show strong stress responses, including high blood pressure

these people spend more time during the day thinking about relationships

report more pleasant emotions when around people

smile, laugh, make more eye contact

start up conversations more frequently and write more letters

emphasis is on the role of choice and personal responsibility, and the human need for growth and realizing one's full potential

human nature is positive and life-affirming

the process of becoming more and more what one idiosyncratically is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming

focused on ways to foster and attain self-actualization

fully functioning person - person who is en route toward self-actualization

key to development of unconditional positive self-regard and moving toward self-actualization is the receipt of unconditional positive regard from parents and significant others

many parents and significant others place conditions of worth on when one will receive positive regard-conditional positive regard

must be an atmosphere of genuine acceptance of the client by the therapist

therapist must express unconditional positive regard for the client

empathic understanding - client must feel that the therapist understands him or her