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Identify and define the two fluid compartments of the body.
- Intracellular Fluid: Fluid Inside Cells
- Extracellular Fluid: Fluid Outside Cells
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Describe the various locations of extracellular fluid.
- Blood (Plasma)
- Lymph
- Interstitial Fluid (surrounding cell)
- Spinal Fluid (in brain)
- Synovial Fluid (Joints)
- Eye
- Hearing Apparatus
- Peritoneal Fluid
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What are the barriers that separate intracellular fluid , interstitial fluid, and plasma.
- Cell Membrane separate interstitial fluid from intracellular fluid
- Wall of the capillary separates interstitial fluid from plasma
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What processes provide for exchange of fluid among compartments ?
- Osmosis: move water in membrane from area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
- Diffusion
- Filtration
- Reabsorbtion
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Why is the concentration of solutes in body fluids important ?
Water move to area of high solute concentration
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What are the main sources from which the body can gain water ?
- Ingested (Drink)
- Water content of foods
- Metabolic Water (reactions in body give off water)
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What are the main ways in which a body loses water ?
- Through your kidneys
- Sweet (through skin)
- Through the lungs
- Through the GI tract
- Through menstration
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What part of the body regulates water intake ? Briefly describe some of the signals that activate the thirst center.
- Brain
- Thirst center in hypothalamus
- Osmoreceptors in blood vessels
- Barorecepters (if blood volume decreases)
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Name the main hormones that regulate salt and water loss.
- Anti diarrheic
- Aldosterone
- Atrial Natrioletic Peptide
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Describe what happens to the body during water intoxication.
- Happens if drinking water faster than your kidneys can excrete it
- If loosing ions through diarrhea
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Name the four major functions of ions in body fluids.
- 1. Control osmosis of fluids between compartments
- 2. Help maintain acid based balance
- 3. Carry the electric current
- 4. Serve as cofactors
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Describe the location, function and means of control of the following ions :
Sodium
- L: Extracellular
- F: fluid and electrolyte balance. Conduction of action potential
- C: Control by aldosterone, ADH, ANP
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Describe the location, function and means of control of the following ions :
Potassium
- L: Intracellular
- F: pH of body fluids, maintains intracellular fluid volume, maintains membrane potential
- C: Aldosterone
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Describe the location, function and means of control of the following ions :
Chloride
- L: Extracellular
- F: balance level of an ions in fluid compartment; HCl
- C: ADH, aldosterone
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Describe the location, function and means of control of the following ions :
Bicarbonate
- L: Extracellular
- F: pH balance
- C: kidney, lungs
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Describe the location, function and means of control of the following ions :
Calcium
- L: Extracellular
- F: Bones, teeth, clotting, neuro transmitter, excitability of nerve/ muscle tissue
- C: parathormone, calcitriol
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Describe the location, function and means of control of the following ions :
Phosphate
- L: Intracellular
- F: Buffer, ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids
- C: parathormone, calcitriol
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Describe the location, function and means of control of the following ions :
Magnesium
- L: Intracellular
- F: Cofactor for enzymes, ATP pumps, nerve, muscle activity, heart
- C: Parathormone, Excretion by kidneys
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Why is it important for the body to maintain an appropriate pH ?
- proteins will lose their shape and function
- most proteins are enzymes
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Does the pH of your body fluids normally tend to increase or decrease ?
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Name the three major mechanisms that control the levels of H+ in the body fluids.
- 1. Breathing Process: Exhailing CO2
- 2. Kidneys: Excrete H ion
- 3. Buffers: Minimize the pH change
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Name the body’s major buffering systems.
- phosphates
- proteins
- Bicarbonate Ion
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Describe how the pH of body fluids affects the rate and depth of breathing.
- Increase breathing rate
- So bicarbonate ions can pick up extra oxygen ions
- Exhale CO2
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What is acidosis ? Describe the major physiological effects of acidosis.
- When the pH of the blood drops below 7.35
- Depresses the activity of the central nervous system
- Depress speed of impulse reaction
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What is alkalosis? Describe the major physiological effects of alkalosis.
- Blood pH above 7.45
- Main effect over excitability of the central nervous system
- Spasms, convulsions, Death
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What is compensation? Describe two types of compensation.
- Physiological response designed to compensate respiratory imbalance
- 1. Respiratory Compensation: Changes in breathing rate. work fast
- 2. Renal Compensation: Kidneys change how much H ion (secrete/reabsorb) work slow
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Name some causes of respiratory acidosis. How is respiratory acidosis treated ?
- Inadequate exhalation of CO2
- Caused by lung diseases: Emphysema, Blockage in airway, Brain damage (stroke, injury), problem with breathing muscles (ribs)
- Tx: Inject H ions,
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Name some causes of metabolic acidosis. How is metabolic acidosis treated ?
- Caused: Server diarrhea, loosing bicarbonate ion, kidney disease, accumulation of acid
- Tx: Hyperventilation, injections of bicarb
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Name some causes of respiratory alkalosis. How is respiratory alkalosis treated ?
- Caused: Stress, anxiety, oxygen deficiency, brain injuries, pulmonary disease
- Tx: Breath in a bag,
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Name some causes of metabolic alkalosis. How is metabolic alkalosis treated ?
- Cause : extensive vomiting, intake of alkaline drugs, diarrheic, hormones
- Tx: look at root cause
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