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What are the different types of respiratory diseases?
- rhinitis
- epistaxis
- sinusitis
- nasal tumors
- feline upper respiratory infections (herpes, calicivirus)
- brachycephalic syndrome
- nasopharyngeal polyps
- infectious canine tracheobronchitis
- collapsing trachea, feline asthma
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What is rhinitis?
inflammation of the nasal cavity - acute or chronic
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Is rhinitis often secondary to other respiratory infections?
yes
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What are often the causes of rhinitis?
- bacterial, viral, fungal
- parasitic, allergic, neoplastic
- foreign body, trauma
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What are the clinical signs of rhinitis?
- sneezing
- nasal discharge - serous, mucous, mucopurulent
- pawing or rubbing at nose
- coughing, gagging
- crusts on nares
- unilateral or bilateral
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How do we diagnose rhinitis?
- clinical signs
- culture and sensitivity - staphylococcus
- radiographs, CT, MRI
- rhinoscopy
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How do we treat rhinitis?
- clean nares - soak off crusts
- topical antimicrobial ointments
- systemic antibiotics
- may use "nose drops" - Neo-Synephrine - phenylephrine - decongestant, vasoconstrictor
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What is epistaxis?
nosebleed
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What are the causes of epistaxis?
- trauma
- foreign body
- tumor
- bleeding disorder
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How do we diagnose epistaxis?
fresh blood from nasal cavity
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How do we treat epistaxis?
- treat primary problem
- locate exact site of bleeding
- apply pressure if possible
- vasoconstrictive drugs - Neo-Synephrine
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Where does sinusitis occur in a dog?
frontal or maxillary sinus
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What is the most common cause of sinusitis?
tooth root abscess - 4th upper premolar
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What are the clinical signs of sinusitis?
- swelling under eye
- unilateral nasal discharge
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How do we diagnose sinusitis?
- clinical signs
- dental radiographs
- culture and sensitivity
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How do we treat sinusitis?
- extract infected tooth
- antibiotics
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What are the clinical signs of nasal tumors?
- unilateral nasal discharge
- unresponsive to medical therapy
- epistaxis
- sneezing
- facial deformity or asymmetry
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How do we diagnose a nasal tumor?
- radiographs
- CT
- MRI
- rhinoscopy
- biopsy
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How do we treat nasal tumors?
- surgical removal
- radiation therapy
- chemotherapy
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What is the abbreviation for feline upper respiratory infections?
URI
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What are the different causes of feline upper respiratory infections?
- feline viral rhinotracheitis - herpes virus
- calicivirus
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Are feline upper respiratory infections contagious?
highly
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What types of cats often have problems with URIs?
- multi-cat households
- outdoor cats
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Are feline upper respiratory infections severe in young or old cats?
young
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How are feline upper respiratory infections transmitted?
- through direct contact with infected secretions
- aerosol, fomites, close contact
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Can we vaccinate for feline upper respiratory infections?
yes
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What are the clinical signs for feline herpes virus?
- acute onset of sneezing
- fever
- depression
- anorexia
- ulcerated nasal planum
- excess salivation
- corneal ulcers (dendritic ulcers - branched patterns)
- oculonasal discharge
- possible coughing
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How long can a cat shed the herpes virus post infection?
for up to 3 weeks post infection
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What is the rhinotracheitis virus?
herpes virus
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How do we diagnose feline herpes virus?
usually based on clinical signs
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How do we treat the feline herpes virus?
- correct dehydration
- broad spectrum antibiotics
- antihistamines, decongestants
- force feed, may warm food
- keep eyes and nose free of discharge - will not eat well if they cannot smell
- warmth and comfort
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How do we treat ocular infections due to the feline herpes virus?
- antiviral ophthalmic medications - Idoxuridine
- lysine - amino acid - may help
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How do we educate clients on feline herpes viruses?
- highly contagious
- isolate affected cats
- susceptible to disinfectants
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What are the clinical signs of feline calicivirus?
- oral ulcers commonly seen
- severe in kittens
- fever
- oculonasal discharge
- pneumonia
- diarrhea
- resistant to disinfectants
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How do we diagnose feline calicivirus?
- clinical signs
- supportive care
- same as for herpes virus
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What does the brachycephalic syndrome affect?
multiple abnormalities of the upper airway
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What are the different conditions of brachycephalic syndrome?
- stenotic nares
- elongated soft palate
- redundant pharyngeal mucosa
- tracheal hypoplasia
- everted laryngeal saccules
- laryngeal collapse
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What factors increase the severity of brachycephalic syndrome?
- excitement
- strange environment
- enclosed area (cage, kennel)
- hyperthermia
- obesity
- anesthesia
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What are the clinical signs of brachyecphalic syndrome?
- increased effort to overcome obstruction
- soft palate flutters, vibrates
- inflammation, edema, swelling
- coughing, phlegm
- regurgitation
- severe snoring
- panting
- dyspnea
- cyanosis
- exercise intolerance
- collapse
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How do we diagnose brachycephalic syndrome?
- physical exam, signalment
- oropharyngeal exam
- thoracic and cervical radiographs
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How do we treat brachycephalic syndrome?
- surgical corrective procedures
- induction and recovery are critical
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Which animals are nasopharyngeal polyps more common in?
more common in young cats and kittens
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Are nasopharyngeal polyps benign or malignant?
benign
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Where do nasopharyngeal polyps extend from?
- the Eustachian tube
- may go through the external ear canal, pharynx, and nasal cavity
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Can nasopharyngeal polyps obstruct the larynx?
yes
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What are the clinical signs of nasopharyngeal polyps?
- sneezing
- inspiratory stridor
- nasal discharge
- otic discharge
- head tilt
- vestibular disease
- Horner's syndrome
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How do we diagnose nasopharyngeal polyps?
gross visualization - nasopharynx, behind soft palate, external ear canal, nasal cavity
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How do we treat nasopharyngeal polyps?
- surgical excision
- may try just pulling the polyp out
- bulla osteotomy
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What is the prognosis for nasopharyngeal polyps?
excellent, but there may be regrowth
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What is Horner's syndrome?
caused by damage to sympathetic nerve supply to eye - can occur at ear
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What are the clinical signs of Horner's syndrome?
- enophthalmos: sunken eye and third eyelid protrusion
- ptosis: droopy upper eyelid
- miosis: constricted pupil
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What is kennel cough?
infectious canine tracheobronchitis
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What causes infectious canine tracheobronchitis?
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- canine parainfluenza virus
- canine adenovirus
- canine herpes virus
- mycoplasma
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What is infectious canine tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)?
- inflammation of lining of trachea
- erosion of the mucosal surface
- disruption of the mucociliary apparatus
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Is infectious canine tracheobronchitis viral or bacteria?
can be either
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Is infectious canine tracheobronchitis contagious?
yes, highly
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When do we see clinical signs of infectious canine tracheobronchitis?
2 - 10 days post exposure
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What are the clinical signs of infectious canine tracheobronchitis?
- history of exposure to other dogs at a kennel, hospital, grooming facility, show
- dry, hacking cough
- no signs of systemic illness
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How do we diagnose infectious canine tracheobronchitis?
- clinical signs and history
- cough elicited on tracheal palpation
- lack of systemic illness
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How do we treat infectious canine tracheobronchitis?
- systemic antibiotics
- antitussives
- bronchodilators
- glucocorticoids
- avoid use of a collar
- isolation of the affected dog
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How do we educate clients on infectious canine tracheobronchitis?
- may take several weeks to resolve
- Bordetella vaccine prior to boarding
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When do we vaccinate for Bordetella?
- injectable: 2 - 3 week prior to boarding
- intranasal: at least several days prior to boarding
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What causes a collapsing trachea?
etiology not entirely known
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What is a collapsing trachea?
reduction in lumen diameter
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Where does a collapsing trachea happen?
cervical or intrathoracic
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What is the signalment for a collapsing trachea?
- increased incidence in small and miniature breeds
- young to middle age
- obesity makes condition worse
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What are the clinical signs of a collapsing trachea?
- harsh, dry, "honking" cough
- signs elicited by excitement, pressure on the trachea, high heat or humidity, or eating and drinking
- cough may be followed by retching
- dyspnea, exercise intolerance
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How do diagnose a collasping trachea?
- signalment and clinical signs
- tracheal sensitivity - palpation
- thoracic radiographs - lateral views on inspiration and on expiration, view cervical and thoracic trachea
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How do we diagnose a collapsing trachea?
- normal radiographs do not rule out collasping trachea
- fluoroscopy
- ultrasound
- bronchoscopy - can definitively document
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How do we medically treat a collapsing trachea?
- none - usually not serious
- bronchodilators, cough suppressants, corticosteroids
- weight loss
- harness vs. collar
- minimize stress, exposure to heat
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How do we surgical treat a collapsing trachea?
- used when failure to respond to medical management
- external prosthetic rings
- high rate of immediate and long-term complications
- prognosis better in young animals
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What is feline asthma?
- feline allergic bronchitis
- airway inflammation
- bronchoconstriction
- excess mucus secretion
- airway hyperreactivity
- usually triggered by inhaled allergens such as dust, mold, smoke
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What are the clinical signs of feline asthma?
- young and middle aged most affected
- systemic signs of illness rarely occur
- physical exam is usually normal except for respiratory difficulties
- respiratory distress - bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation
- increased expiratory effort
- expiratory wheezes
- coughing
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How do we diagnose feline asthma?
- clinical signs and physical exam
- thoracic radiographs
- transtracheal wash - inflammatory cells - eosinophils, neutrophils
- bronchoscopy
- heartworm test
- fecal exam - pulmonary parasites
- radiographs
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How do we treat feline asthma?
- oxygen
- corticosteroids - can be delivered by inhalation
- bronchodilators
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