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How is malaria spread?
Occurs with the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito that harbors the infective sporozoites in the salivary gland
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What stains are used to see Plasmodium species and what do they look like?
- Wright stain
- Giemsa stain
- Shows a blue cytoplasmic ring connected to a red chromatin dot
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What protozoa species cause malaria?
- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmodium falciparium
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
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What is the infective stage of Plasmodium species?
Sporozoite is the infective stage transmitted to humans by female Anaopheles mosquitos
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What part of the life cycle of Plasmodium is the stage that invades erythrocytes?
Merozoites are produced that invade RBCs
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What is the term for referring to the condition that occur after several weeks, the parasites can increase in number and the symptoms will return?
Recrudescence
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What Plasmodium species:
Has Shuffner's dots - usually present in all infected RBCs except with early ring forms
Number of merozoites - 16 (12-24)
Infected RBCs enlarged
Trophozoites are irregular shaped
Plasmodium vivax
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What plasmodium species:
Has NO Shuffner's dots seen in peripheral blood
Multiple ring forms see in single RBC
Crescent shaped gametes ring shaped young trophozoites are only forms seen
Plasmodium falciparum
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What plasmodium species:
Has NO Shuffner's dots
Number of merozoites: 8 (6-12)
Infected RBCs normal in size and color
Trophozoites compact and band forms may be seen
Plasmodium malariae
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What plasmodium species:
Shuffner's dots are usually present in all infected RBCs
Number of merozoites: 9 (8-12)
Infected RBCs are enlarged and often shaped with fimbriated edges
Trophozoites irregular shaped
Plasmodium ovale
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If you see crescent or banana shaped gametocytes, what are they diagnostic of?
Plasmodium falciparium
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What protozoa:
Causes babesiosis
Is also an erythrocytic intracellular parasite
Has 2-4 rings per RBC are often seen, sometimes appearing like a "Maltese cross"
Babesia microti
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What clinical conditions are associated with Babesia microti?
- Babesiosis: affects the spleen, liver, and kidneys
- Erythrocytic intracellular parasite: causing hemolytic anemia
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What protozoa:
Has a predilection for CNS infections
Can occur in premature or antibody deficient infants, where symptoms inclue splenomegaly, jaundice, and fever
Spread by the ingestion of cat feces, undercooked lamb and pork
Diagnosis is by serologic testing for antibodies
Toxoplasma gondii
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What protozoa causes amebic meningoencephalitis, which is often fatal within 3-6 days
Naegleri flowleri
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What protozoa is diagnosed by finding the cyst or trophozoite stages in CSF?
Acathamoeba
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What protozoa:
Causes vaginitis in women, whereas men are generally asymptomatic carriers
Are motile, with an undulating membrane
Pear shaped
Trichomonas vaginalis
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Where are hemoflagellates found?
Hemoflagellates inhabit the blood and tissues of humans
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What protozoa
Causes African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness
Infection affects the lymphatic system and CNS
Trypansoma brucei
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Trypanosoma trypomastigote
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What protozoa causes Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, which is characterized by lesion formation (chagoma), conjuctivitis, edema of the face and legs, and heart muscle involvement leading to myocarditis
Trypansoma cruzi
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What is diagnositic when finding the amastigote in the blood or tissue plus serologic testing?
Leishmania
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What does Leishmania cause?
- Cutaneous leishmainiasis: skin and mucous membrane ulcers
- Disseminated leishmaniasis: liver, spleen, and reticuloendothelial involvement
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