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Lieder - Romantic Songs
- Lied - German for song
- Popular in Europe during the Romantic period (1820-1900)
- Often based on German poems and will tell a dramatic and emotional story
- Some are through-composed - music is different in each verse
- Others have strophic structure - all verses have the same tune
- There are lots of motifs representing different things, these are repeated throughout the song
- Schubert, Schumann, Beethoven and Brahms composed lieder
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Pop Ballads
- Tell stories - slow, sad and about love
- Each verse has the same rhythm and tune but different lyrics
- Rock ballads - accompanied by loud drums and electric guitar
- Folk ballads - acoustic guitar
- Singer-songwriters write and perform their own stuff, they often accompany themselves on piano or guitar
- V-C-V-C each 8 or 16 bars long
- Middle 8 or Bridge to add some variation
- Uplifting modulation
- Kate Bush, Bob Dylan, Elton John, Take That and The Spice Girls
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Classical Concerto
- Classical period (1750-1820)
- Sonata - 3 or 4 movements for 1 or 2 instruments. Each movement has a specific structure: 2 contrasting themes exposed, developed and repeated
- Concerto - 3 movement, quick-slow-quick. For a soloist and orchestra. Often have a cadenza where orchestra stops and only soloist plays to show off
- Symphony - 4 movements for the whole orchestra. Could also include a choir
- Haydn, Mozart and Beethovan
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Jazz
- Developed in the USA in the early 1900 from traditional music of the newly-freed slaves
- Dixieland - Swing - Bebop - Cool - Progressive - Free - Soul etc.
- Jazz was a mix of brass band marches, ragtime and blues
- Polyphonic with a thick texture. It contrasts a melody section with a rhythm section
- Lots of improvisation, call and response, blue notes and syncopated rhythms
- Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington and Glenn Miller
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Indian Classical
- Raga is a set of notes combined to make a certain mood
- Spirituality is key to Indian Classical music
- Sitar plays drone notes and improvises a melody from the notes in the Raga
- Tambura is a backing instrument and provides harmony, often as a drone
- Tabla are drums that play main rhythm called a Tala
- There are typically 4 sections to a Raga
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Gamalan
- From Indonesia - Java and Bali
- Played for celebrations, religious events and as entertainment
- Thought to be magical and spiritual
- Learn the parts by listening and watching
- Two types of scale are used: Slendro - a pentatonic scale and the Pelog - 7 note scale
- The tune repeats over and over as a Rhythmic Cycle
- Each player plays a developed or simpler version of the same part
- 4/4
- Heterophonic
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Baroque
- 1600-1750
- Sudden dynamic changes
- Simple harmonies
- Basso Continuo
- Binary, turnery, rondo and variation form
- Fugues, canons and rounds
- Themes and variations
- Lots of ornaments e.g. trills, appoggiaturas, mordants and turns
- Bach, Handel and Vivladi
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Classical
- 1750-1820
- Balanced 4 bar phrases, 2 question and 2 answer
- Subtle dynamic changes
- Fewer ornaments
- Binary, ternary, rondo and variation form as well a sonata form
- Fewer ornaments
- Chamber music, 2-8 musicians
- Beethoven, Mozart and Brahms
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African A Capella
- In the style of the chapel
- Sung without accompaniment
- Mbube - loud and powerful. Homophonic or polyphonic. Often all male choirs
- Isicathamiya - soft and gentle Blends voices in harmony. Antiphony
- Ladysmith Black Mambazo and Hans Zimmer (Lion King)
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