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What is the chemical composition of bone?
- 45% ash
- 35% organic matter
- 20% water
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What role do osteoblasts play?
Synth/secretion of proteins to form org. matrix
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What are osteocytes?
- Osteoblasts entrapped within bone matrix
- Revert back to osteoblasts as bone matrix dissolves
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What role do osteoclasts play?
Resorption of bone - macrophage of bone tissue
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What are chondrocytes?
Cells that form cartilage
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What is the periosteum?
Membrane that lines outer surface of bone
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How do bones grow in diameter?
Deposition of new bone by cells withing the periosteum
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What is odontogenesis?
Tooth development
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What are the stages of tooth development?
- Thickening of oral epithelium, invaginates into mesenchyme
- Bud stage - mesenchyme condenses, tooth bud formed
- Cap stage - cell proliferation/differentiation
- Bell stage - bud takes on diff shape, composition changes
- Crown stage - calcification
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What are the steps of bone remodeling?
- Resting
- Activation
- Resorption
- Reversal
- Formation
- Resting
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What 3 hormones regulate calcium in the body?
- PTH - parathyroid hormone
- CT - calcitonin
- Vit D
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What role does PTH play in Ca homeostasis?
- Increase Ca absorption/resorption from bone, GIT, kidneys
- Increase P resorption from bone
- Increase synth of vit D3
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What role does CT play in Ca homeostasis?
- Decrease bone resorption
- Increase renal excretion of Ca
- Indirectly decrease GI activity
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What role does vit D play in Ca homeostasis?
- Increase GIT Ca absorption
- Increase bone resorption
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What 3 systems regulate pH in the blood stream?
- Intracellular/extracellular buffers
- Lungs
- Kidneys
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What 3 proton transport systems are present in the kidney proximal tubule?
- Na/H exchanger
- H/ATPase pump
- H,K/ATPase pump
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What are intercalated cells specialized for?
Acid secretion
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What causes respiratory acidosis/alkalosis?
- Resp Acidosis - build up of CO2 (hold breath)
- Resp Alkalosis -depletion of CO2 (panting)
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What is an example of metabolic acidosis/alkalosis?
- Met Acidosis - loss of bicarb due to diarrhea
- Met Alkalosis - Vomiting
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What are some processes that are affected by circadian rhythm?
- Migration
- Reproduction
- Sleep/wake cycle
- Metabolism & Body Temp
- Locomotor Activity
- Pheromone Release
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What 2 hormones are related to circadian rhythm?
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What is the mammary suspensory system made up of in cows?
- Medial ligaments - primary support, intermammary groove
- Lateral ligaments
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- 1. Gland cistern
- 2. Annular fold
- 3. Teat cistern
- 4. Furstenburg's rosette
- 5. Streak canal
- 6. Teat meatus
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What is the lymph node in the mammary called?
Supramammary lymph node
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What are some characteristics of neonatal metabolism?
- Limited fat stores
- Glycogen stores rapidly used up at birth
- Low gluconeogensis
- Immuno-naive
- Low iron
- Immature GIT
- High rennin, lactase, & salivary lipase
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What factors influence successful passive immunity transfer from dam to calf?
- Formation of colostrum w/ adequate [IgG] by the dam
- Ingestion of an adequate mass of IgG by neonate
- Timely absorption of IgG by neonate
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Which breeds have higher failure of passive transfer, Dairy or Beef?
Dairy
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What are bioactives? Give examples.
Constituents in colostrum and milk w/out nutritive value that have specific physiological actions critical for growth/development.
Ig, maternal leukocytes, growth factors and hormones, antimicrobials, proteins/peptides, nucleotides, oligosaccarides, vitamins/minerals, FAs
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What species is affected by IUGR and what is it?
- Piglets
- Intrauterine Growth Restriction
- Impaired in utero growth
- Negatively affects SI development/metabolic function and villus hieght/width
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What are the different ways heat is exchanged with the environment?
- Convection - body warms air/water
- Conduction - body warms surface
- Radiation - body infrared radiation absorbed by cooler objects
- Evaporation
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What is the integrated response to heat stress?
- Peripheral vasodilation
- Increased evaporative cooling
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What is the integrated response to cold stress?
- Peripheral vasoconstriction, piloerection
- Increased metabolic heat production via shivering/non-shivering thermogenesis
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What is the integrated response to fever?
Elevated body temp dut to increase in thermoregulatory set point
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What are the efficiencies of heat inputs?
- Metabolism - 50% efficient
- Work (muscle) - 25% efficient
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What is the exchange of heat btwn arteries and veins called?
Countercurrent heat exchange
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What vessels regulate blood flow?
Arterioles
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