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_________________________, the scientific study of population, encompasses all measures of population: size, ____________________________, __________________________, age structure, and change
- Demography
- distribution
- composition
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Three population processes - _____________________________, __________________________, and ___________________________ - are responsible for population growth and decline.
- fertility
- mortality
- migration
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The most general explanation for migration is the so-called _______________________-______________________ theory
push - pull
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“In his essay, Malthus proposed. . .Population, if left unchecked, will tend to exceed the available _______________________ supply. This is because population increases______________________________; the food supply does not.”
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Raising people’s aspirations for a higher standard of ________________________, Malthus suggested, would enhance the beneficial effects of universal _________________________ on population control
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“To the extent that developed nations have defied Malthus’s theory, they have done so through the _____________________________ ______________________________. . .”
demographic transition
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Partly because of America’s __________________________ heritage, American culture has always had a bias against _______________________ living
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“The result is the central-city ___________________________ - the concentration of a large population in need of public ____________________________. . . but without the money to provide for them.
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. Some parts of inner cities are being restored through ____________________________ -the development of low-income areas by middle-class home buyers, landlords, and professional developers.
gentrification
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Urbanization, Wirth said, brings a _________________________________ of human relationships.
depersonalization
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Three interrelated social processes lead to social change. Although related, the processes of__________________________, ____________________________, and _____________________________ are distinct.
- discovery
- intention
- diffusion
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“Spengler believed that civilizations are _________________, ripen, __________________,and perish.”
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“. . .the ________________________________ perspective held that societies must pass through a set series of _______________________, each of which results in a more complex and advanced stage of development.
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. According to the ____________________________ perspective, social change is the result of ___________________________ between groups for scarce resources.
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. ________________ are unusual behavior patterns that spread rapidly, appeal to a particular segment of society, and then ___________________________ after a short time.
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People who participate in _________________ typically lack _______________________and engage in destructive behavior as a way to express their _________________________.
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_________________________ theory emphasizes the _____________________________ of crowds that is created by participants stimulating one another to higher and higher levels of emotional intensity
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“A ________________________________ movement attempts to change a society totally…A ________________________________ movement aims to effect only partial change in a society. . .
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“A ________________________________ focuses on changing individuals. . .Finally an _______________________________ movement seeks only limited changes in individuals.”
- redemptive movement
- alternative
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____________________________ ______________________________ occurs when people compare themselves with others and believe that they should have as much as those others have.
relative deprivation
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Who coined the term “Sociology”?
Auguste Comte
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Symbolic Interaction is
what does it mean
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Conflict Theory is
who's being opressed
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Functionalist Theory is
it a good thing
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Who thought that class conflict was the key to understanding history?
Karl Marx
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Who said, “Survival of the Fittest?”
Herbert Spencer
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Marx’s view of religion –
Working class accepting their lower position - waiting for a better life after death.
He called it the opiate of the people
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What is a hypothesis?
a testable prediction coming from a theory
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What is a theory?
explains a social situation makes predictions about the future
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What is the relationship between correlation and causation?
independent variable (cause)
dependent Variable (effect)
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What are “norms”?
Rules about appropriate behavior that comes out of values
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What does “tabula rasa” mean?
we are born a blank slate
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What is the “central principle of Sociology”?
social factors such as: roles, religion, and social class
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What is cultural relativism?
trying to view a culture on its own therms without prejudice
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What is the Thomas Theorem?
If a person defines situations are real, they are real in their consequences
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What does culture do for us?
It becomes the lens we view the world
It helps us understand what people are doing
It simplifies day to day interactions
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According to Durkheim, what holds society together?
It is the social cohesion: (glue) The degree of which people bond to one another
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What really killed Kitty Genovese?
The Bystander effect
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Why did NASA have problems with the shuttles, Challenger and Columbia?
Group think
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What did Solomon Asch’s line test demonstrated?
informational conformity
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How many people obeyed in Milgram’s “shock machine” experiment?
65%
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What is the social facilitation effect?
Improved performance in the presents of others
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How many people are in slavery today?
27 million
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What did Weber say divided people? (What 3 things are we stratified by?)
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What % of people with a college degree are poor?
2%
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The lower one’s social class, the more likely they are to. . .
Die
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What’s the main barrier that keeps Hispanics from advancing in society?
Launguage
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What are superordinate goals?
give people a common sense of purpose and blinds people together
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How do the Conflict theorists see Education?
Education keeps the haves and have not's separated
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Why is the emphasis on “sports” harmful for minorities?
it divert attention from learning academic and business - related skills necessary from success in mainstream American society
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What % of those who cohabit are likely to be divorced?
33%
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What often happens to children whose parents divorce according to Wallerstein?
- Have higher divorce rate
- Have lower educational rates
- higher rates of drug use
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What’s the difference between cohabitation and marriage?
commitment
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What did Straus report about abuse in relationships?
husbands and wives are about equally likely to attack one another
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What is the exponential growth curve?
growth rate will suddenly increase
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What do the new Malthusians worry about?
The world population will out strip its food supply
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Malthus proposition
- The population grows geometrically
- The food supply grows arithmetically
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What would be their solution to the problem of growth?
reduce the # of people with abortion, birth control, and having smaller families
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What was Malthus' solution?
Let poor people starve, poverty is god punishment
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stable population
birth and death are balanced
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rapid growth
due to industrializations
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stable population
there are fewer children because, their exspensive a luxury not a nessesety
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shrinking population
deaths out # births
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Whats the Anti Malthusian solution to starvation?
distribute food equaly
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What is the primary factor that influences a country's growth rate?
the rate of industrialization
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4 Revolutions
Domestication - change from hunting and gathering groups
Agriculture - the invention of the plow
Industrial - changed from an agricultural society
Informational - the microchip
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Ogburns Theory of social change
changes comes through TECHNOLOGY
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Moral decay is
This is the COMMON CAUSE in the decline of all world civilization
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Will & Ariel Durant say
Decay comes from within
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Proactive movement is
initiate change
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Reactive movement is
resist change
-
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Perversity is
youll make it worse
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Jeopardy is
you'll detract from more important issues
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The key to social movements
Propaganda
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Propaganda is
information used to influence ppl
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Who are the gate keepers to social movement?
The media
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