HG&D Test 4

What is epigenetics?

Define epigenome.

A given genotype can give rise to a different phenotype depending on _______ conditions

______ _______ erases many of the epigenetic tags that would be passed down through generations

Types of epigentic tags can be passed from parent to offspring via _____ _____

In order to provide a convincing case for epigentic inheritance, an epigenetic change must be observed in the ___ generation

Because identical twins develop from a single zygote, they have the same _____.

What is plasticity?

Plasticity during early development can be adaptive if...

Plasticity during early development have important fitness consequences because they can lead to permanent or profound changes in _____ or ______

Mature phenotype from different _______ differ from each other with regard to the expression of the particular _______

Explain how some grasshoppers have adapted to their environment

Heavy babies are at _____ risk of disease

_____ - birth weight babies are more likely to have CVD, stroke and diabetes

In a study where human growth was followed from birth to adulthood, it was found that _______ ____ prepare an individual for a certain course during life

Mothers with a small pelvis had (larger/smaller) babies with (increased/decreased) offspring risk of stroke and CVD

Evidence suggests that....
A mother having a small pelvis is linked to her own poor nutrition as a child, thus indicating an _______ effect

People who grow up in impoverished conditions tend to have.....?(3)

"______ ______" results in baby being born with adaptations, such as small body and modified metabolism, helping to cope with the stressed environment

Data shows that babies exposed to ____ _____ during last trimester had increase in diabetes in adult life

In which 3 ways can organisms express effects to adaptive responses to their environment during development and in life?

Changes in the gene activity that do not involve alterations to the genetic code are passed down to at least one successive generation are known as

Sits on top of genome; switches genes on and off

The presence of ____ groups that attach to DNA strands can tightly coil genes around histones, thereby making the gene ______ and inhibiting the expression of the gene (can be good or bad thing)

What are the two groups of low birth weight babies?

Name the four variables of social factors in regards to low birth weight babies

Coal mining is one example of how ________ factors can contaminate the growth and weight of a fetus

_______ refers to mental disorders, mental distress and abnormal/maladaptive behavior

There is an increase in ___ matter and ___ matter in the brain during adolescence

Abnormal hormone levels can augment gene expression and result in cell death. This is known as _____

Hormone deficiency can lead to failed ___ _______ critical for proper brain development

(Hormone and Neurotransmitter Changes)
The HPG axis controls the rise of _____ during puberty

(Hormone & Neurotransmitter Changes)
HPA axis plays an important role in ____ response

Sensitivity to stress is high in adolescence because of declining _____ levels

______ are an important part of human variation and evolution because they introduce new traits

If a mutation provides an advantage....

What is the protein responsible for the replication of our DNA?

What are 2 the two main reasons for DNA mutations during replication?

DNA can also be mutated by environmental factors such as _____ and _____

Environmental Factors that cause mutations can do two things:

The ____ _____ is a strain of Yersinia pestis that was largely transmitted through fleas and rats

Malaria is a virus that is generally transmitted through

____ ____ _____ is a blood disease that causes blood cells to develop into a sickle shape

Prenatal exposure to famine is strongly correlated with

What trend can be seen between life opportunities and having a low education?

Increase instances of schizophrenia correlated to prenatal exposure to ______

"Morality did not occur randomly... frail and less healthy individuals tended to die first while healthier and stronger individuals had a better chance of survival"
This is referring to what?

What re the 3 Domains of autism?

Difficulty with verbal communication, repetitive behaviors, awkward social interaction, intellectual disability, unprimed fine motor skills, short attention span, and physical health are characteristics of

Breast fed infants were _____ than bottle fed infants in childhood and adulthood

Most birth defects occur prior to conception and are due to abnormalities of _____ and ______

Name the 3 categories of pre-conception birth defects

(birth defects)
Trisomies are indicative of ____ ______

What is the most common form of mental retardation?

What are the 3 categories of single gene defect mutations?

Autosomal Recessive -

how many parents are carriers?
what is the mutant gene known as?
how likely is each child to inherit the disorder?

Autosomal Dominant -

how many parents are carriers?
what is the mutant gene known as?
how likely is each child to inherit the disorder?

X linked mutations are inherited by _____ from their ____. The likelihood of inheriting it is __%

an example of an X linked gene mutation is _____

_______ birth defects are caused by a combination of genes and environmental exposures.

Multifactorial birth defects are characterized by the malformation of  ______ or _____

Congenial heart defects, cleft lip or palate, clubfoot and dysplasia are examples of _____ birth defects

What are the five categories of Post conception birth defects?

___ ______ birth defects are usually non-genetic and are caused by intrauterine enviornmental factors

These are characteristics of which type of birth defects?
- occurs within the first 8 weeks of gestation
- constitute largest group of defects affecting single organ systems or region of the body
-Inherited as polygenic traits with low risk of re-occurrence

These are characteristics of which type of birth defects?
- Congenital abnormalities occuring in consistent patterns known as syndromes
- Occur in two or more systems in the body associated with mental retardation

What is a "disruption" and what is the effect?

______ is due to abnormal intrauterine molding and involves musculoskeletal system resulting in spinal bifida and positional deformities of legs and feet

_____ refers to abnormal cellular function in specific organ or tissue type. It is usually created by single gene defects

_______ is a form of short limbed dwarfism. Most have average trunk size with short limbs, limited range of elbows and enlarged head.

What are the 3 environmental causes of birth defects?

A developing baby is particularly vulnerable to environmental factors between __ - __ week of pregnancy

List and give details on the 3 categories of environmental factors that relate to birth defects.

A drug or substance capable of interfering with the development of an embryo that may lead to birth defects or developmental abnormalities is known as

What is congenital hydrocephalus?

___ % of adult body weight is gained during puberty

About ___ % of total bone mass is established during pubertal years

Menarche and accrual of bone mineral are related. (True/False)

Manually adding new DNA to an organism with the goal of adding one or more traits that are not already found in that organism is known as...

What is a transgene?

What are the goals of Genetic Engineering? (4)

What are the two types of genetic engineering done in humans?

Which type of genetic engineering targets the genes in specific organs and tissues of the body?

What type of genetic engineering targets the genes in eggs, sperm or very early embryos which ultimately affects every cell in the body of the resulting individual and are passed on to all future generations?

Extra Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) refers to

Experience _____ traits are "common to the human species" ex- sound, language, opportunities to move/manipulate objects

____ _____ refers to the overproduction of synapses in specific areas of the brain at specific times

_____ ______ involves modifying existing synapses or generating new ones based on individual experience

Experience _____ is typically associated with learning and memory and happens over a lifetime (culture, language, school, job skills, leisure activities, sports)

When stress occurs, _____ is released

Methylation controls genes which terminate _____ _____

________ of a child may cause methylation.

Stress affects the experience ______ plasticity process of memory

Stress damages the _______ while it enhances connections in other parts of the brain

______ can be effected from chronic stress through the action of cortisol on the hippocampus

Development of music skills training can affect ____ development in children