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Control Theory
Inner and outer controls work against tendencies to deviate
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Corporate Crime
Crimes committed by executives to benefit the corporation
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Crime
Violation of norms written into law
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Differential Association
Edwin Sutherland
people who associate with some groups learn "excess of definitions" of deviance
increases likelihood that they will become deviant
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Illegitimate Opportunity Structure
Opportunities for crime that are woven into the texture of life
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Institutionalized Means
Approved ways of reaching cultural goals
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Labeling Theory
Labels given to people affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling behavior into deviance or conformity
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Medicalization of Deviance
Making deviance a medical matter
A symptom of an underlying illness to be treated by a physician
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Negative Sanction
An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm
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Police Discretion
The practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either ticket someone for an offense or overlook the matter
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Recidivism Rate
The proportion of released convicts who are rearrested
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Serial Murder
The killing of several victims in three or more separate events
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Social Control
A group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms
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Social Order
A group's usual and customary social arrangements
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Strain Theory
Robert Merton
The engendered stain that forms when society socializes large numbers of people to a desired cultural goal, but withholds some of the means to achieve it.
One adaptation to the strain is crime
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Emile Durkheim
Deviance is functional for society
Investigated world religions and identified elements common to all.
Sacred from the profane
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Apartheid
Enforced separation of racial-ethnic groups
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Class Consciousness
Common identity based on one's position in means of production (Marx)
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Colonialism
One nation takes over another nation, usually for exploiting labor and natural resources
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Culture of Poverty
Assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people
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Endogamy
Marrying within one's group
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Estate Stratification System
Medieval Europe - estates: nobility, clergy, commoners
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False Class Consciousness
Workers identifying with the interests of capitalists (Marx)
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Neocolonialism
Economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized Nations by the Most Industrialized Nations
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Proletariat
The exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production (Marx)
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W.E.B. DuBois
Sociologist who wrote about slavery in the U.S.
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Anomie
People become detached from the norms that guide behavior
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Horation Alger myth
The belief that due to limitless possibilities, anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough
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Intergenerational mobility
The change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next
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Poverty Line
The official measure of poverty
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Authoritarian personality
Theodor Adorno
People who are prejudice and rank high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity and respect for authority
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Internal colonialism
The policy of exploiting minority groups for economic gain.
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Pan-Indianism
Common elements in the culture of Native Americans in order to develop a cross-tribal self-identity
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Pluralism
The diffusion of power among many interest groups that prevent any single group from gaining control of the government
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WASP
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
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Activity theory
The view that satisfaction during old age is related to a person's amount and quality of activity
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Dependency ratio
The number of workers required to support each dependent person (those 65+ and under 15)
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Gender age
Relative value place on men and women's ages
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Egalitarian
Authority more or less equally divided between people of a group
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Exogamy
Marrying outside of one's group
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Homogamy
The tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry one another
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Gateskeeping
Education opens and closes doors of opportunity.
Another term for social placement function of society.
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Animism
The belief that all objects in the world have spirits.
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Ecclesia
- A religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where one begins and the other leaves off.
- State religion
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