Counseling Theories 641 Final

• Neutral
• behavior determined by environment
• constructivist theory, creation of meaning is from experiences

• Reduce of eliminate maladaptive behavior
• teach or increase the incidence of adaptive responses
• teach client's problem solving strategies they can use across situations
• "dead man rule"- never ask a client to do something a dead person can do

• Uses standardized self-report inventories
• measures schema related core beliefs/assumptions
• no formal diagnosis unless needed by 3rd party

• Expert
• acts a model for the client
• active
• directive

• Student
• expected to work and learn about CT
• co-therapist

• collaborative
• warm, genuine, trust, respect
• collaborative empiricism
• client and counselor are "co- investigators" in study of client's difficulties

• Homework
• Questioning
• Activity Scheduling
• Social Skills training
• problem solving
• role playing
•  modeling
• exposure therapy
• desensitization
• self control
• reinforcement

• 3 stages
• 1. Behavioral Activation- establish working relationship, set goals, and socialize client
• 2. Automatic thoughts and their relationship to client's emotional behavior
• 3. schematic processing
• guided discovery- therapist has an idea about were client needs to end up and through questioning helps client get there.

• Strengths- Effective, testable, useful on a wide range of client problems, massive data available
• Weaknesses- neglect of client's past, ignores client emotions

Wide range of client problems

• Behavioral learning (classical/operant conditioning)
• Observational learning
• Schemas
• Beliefs
• Automatic Thoughts
• Modes- 4 primal modes

• Neutral- "a little bit of God and the devil in all of us"
• people can control their thoughts, feelings, behaviors

• Formal assessment based on DSM4, formulate a case conceptualization
• self report to assess beliefs
• informal "what brings you to therapy"
• in vivo assessment- outside office and in a setting relative to the problem

• honest
• direct, active
• teacher for ABC model
• informal style of relating to client

• student, involved and energetic
• work hard, practice makes perfect

• Active
• directive
• uses humor

• eliminate irrational thinking, behaviors and emotions
• teach client REBT philosophy
• not just help client feel better, but to get better

• Disputing- realistic, logical, pragmatic
• rational emotive imagery
• bibliotherapy
• role playing
• rational-irrational dialogues
• skills training
• stop and monitor
• acting on rational beliefs
• coping statements
• humor
• homework
• shame attacking

• ABCDE model
• A activating event
• B belief about A
• C consequence (healthy or unhealthy)
• D dispute
• E effect

• elegant - using CBT interventions
• inelegant- focuses on client's inferences

Strengths- evidence supported

Weaknesses- more effective w/ client's that have one prominent symptom, too intellectual

what is rational may differ from culture to culture

• ABC
• Beliefs
• Goals
• Secondary disturbances- we must not think crookedly, must not have disturbed feelings,

• Life is seen as process of storytelling
• Social Constructivist Approach
• Reality is socially created

deconstruct problem-saturated stories and re-author narratives that support preferred outcomes

• Continuous process focused on understanding client's perspectives in their lives
• informal

• Collaborator
• Consultant

expert on their lives

• Collaborative
• proceeds at pace of client
• counselor often checks w/ client to ask if it's ok to proceed

• Questioning- deconstructing dominant story, and externalizing the problem
• double listening- explores nonverbalized values and meaning
• visualization
• outsider witness practices
• accountability practices
• taking in back practices
• written artifacts- letters/notes to "thicken" preferred stories

• 5 stages
• 1. relationship
• 2. elicit problem stories
• 3. deconstruct dominant stories
• 4.  embracing preferred stories
• 5. living enriched stories

Strengths- empirical validity, quantitative and qualitative research supports effectiveness

• Weaknesses- difficult to read/understand
• ignores relationships btw people
• slim to none - empirical research

• great for diverse backgrounds
• therapist should be of same culture as client b/c different "acceptable" traditions across cultures
• good for females and those from groups that have been oppressed
• good for those who are "coming out" b/c they're rewriting their story

• Stories(alternative stories, cultural/dominant discourse, problem saturated stories)
• Thinness & Thickness- Thin has too few details, Thick stories are rich and elaborate
• Unique Outcomes

• Hardcore SF therapists don't care what motivates people
• Therapists observe what clients want to achieve and use clients strengths and resources to help them read their solutions

• change the doing of the situation that is perceived as problematic
• change the viewing of the situation perceived as problematic
• evoke resources, strengths, and solutions to bring to the situation perceived as problematic
• find out what client wants
• counselor works w/ client to develop specific , attainable and concrete goals
• good goals specify what replaces the wanted behaviors

• no traditional assessment
• interview for solutions

• tries to expand options, not limit them
• takes responsibility for what happens in therapy
• has special knowledge about how problems are maintained and changed
• expert in change, but not client's problem
• focus on what client says needs to be different without making further assumptions
• takes lead and uses series of questions designed to elicit information relevant to exceptions and solutions

• expert on self and situation
• has all necessary knowledge about problem and ability to change things
• active collaborator in process and responsible for doing what is necessary to solve problem

• special kind of intimacy and harmony
• attends to what the other says
• respects the other's worldview as valid and meaningful
• energetic process

• Questions- difference questions, relationship questions
• normalizing the problem- feel like not "crazy"
• compliments
• miracle question
• scaling questions
• prediction tasks
• fast-forwarding questions
• externalizing problem- give problem a name
• write read burn

• relationship
• invites client cooperation by initiating cooperative behaviors
• client cooperates
• first session is important- discuss problem and exceptions, create solvable complaint, find exceptions, set goals
• most clients find solutions in less than 10 sessions
• focuses on present

Strengths- short term

Weakness-no strong empirical support, superficial,