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What is the view of human nature in CBT?
- Neutral
- behavior determined by environment
- constructivist theory, creation of meaning is from experiences
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what are the goals of therapy in CBT?
- Reduce of eliminate maladaptive behavior
- teach or increase the incidence of adaptive responses
- teach client's problem solving strategies they can use across situations
- "dead man rule"- never ask a client to do something a dead person can do
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What is role of assessment in CBT?
- Uses standardized self-report inventories
- measures schema related core beliefs/assumptions
- no formal diagnosis unless needed by 3rd party
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What is the role of the counselor in CBT?
- Expert
- acts a model for the client
- active
- directive
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What is the role of the client in CBT?
- Student
- expected to work and learn about CT
- co-therapist
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What is the nature of the relationship in CBT?
- collaborative
- warm, genuine, trust, respect
- collaborative empiricism
- client and counselor are "co- investigators" in study of client's difficulties
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What techniques are associated with CBT?
- Homework
- Questioning
- Activity Scheduling
- Social Skills training
- problem solving
- role playing
- modeling
- exposure therapy
- desensitization
- self control
- reinforcement
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What happens in CBT?
- 3 stages
- 1. Behavioral Activation- establish working relationship, set goals, and socialize client
- 2. Automatic thoughts and their relationship to client's emotional behavior
- 3. schematic processing
- guided discovery- therapist has an idea about were client needs to end up and through questioning helps client get there.
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What is the evaluation of CBT?
strengths and weaknesses
- Strengths- Effective, testable, useful on a wide range of client problems, massive data available
- Weaknesses- neglect of client's past, ignores client emotions
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What are the applications of CBT?
Wide range of client problems
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What are the central constructs of CBT?
- Behavioral learning (classical/operant conditioning)
- Observational learning
- Schemas
- Beliefs
- Automatic Thoughts
- Modes- 4 primal modes
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What is the view of human nature in REBT?
- Neutral- "a little bit of God and the devil in all of us"
- people can control their thoughts, feelings, behaviors
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What is the role of assessment in REBT?
- Formal assessment based on DSM4, formulate a case conceptualization
- self report to assess beliefs
- informal "what brings you to therapy"
- in vivo assessment- outside office and in a setting relative to the problem
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What is the role of the counselor in REBT?
- honest
- direct, active
- teacher for ABC model
- informal style of relating to client
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What is the role of client in REBT?
- student, involved and energetic
- work hard, practice makes perfect
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What is the nature of the relationship in REBT?
- Active
- directive
- uses humor
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What are the goals in REBT?
- eliminate irrational thinking, behaviors and emotions
- teach client REBT philosophy
- not just help client feel better, but to get better
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What techniques are associated with REBT?
- Disputing- realistic, logical, pragmatic
- rational emotive imagery
- bibliotherapy
- role playing
- rational-irrational dialogues
- skills training
- stop and monitor
- acting on rational beliefs
- coping statements
- humor
- homework
- shame attacking
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What happens in therapy?
- ABCDE model
- A activating event
- B belief about A
- C consequence (healthy or unhealthy)
- D dispute
- E effect
- elegant - using CBT interventions
- inelegant- focuses on client's inferences
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Evaluation of REBT?
strengths and weaknesses
Strengths- evidence supported
Weaknesses- more effective w/ client's that have one prominent symptom, too intellectual
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What are the applications for REBT?
culturally?
what is rational may differ from culture to culture
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What are the central constructs of REBT?
- ABC
- Beliefs
- Goals
- Secondary disturbances- we must not think crookedly, must not have disturbed feelings,
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What is the view of human nature in Narrative?
- Life is seen as process of storytelling
- Social Constructivist Approach
- Reality is socially created
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What are the goals of therapy in Narrative therapy?
deconstruct problem-saturated stories and re-author narratives that support preferred outcomes
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What is the role of assessment in Narrative?
- Continuous process focused on understanding client's perspectives in their lives
- informal
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What is the role of the counselor in Narrative?
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What is the role of the client in Narrative?
expert on their lives
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What is the nature of the relationship in Narrative?
- Collaborative
- proceeds at pace of client
- counselor often checks w/ client to ask if it's ok to proceed
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What techniques are associated with Narrative?
- Questioning- deconstructing dominant story, and externalizing the problem
- double listening- explores nonverbalized values and meaning
- visualization
- outsider witness practices
- accountability practices
- taking in back practices
- written artifacts- letters/notes to "thicken" preferred stories
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What happens in Narrative Therapy?
- 5 stages
- 1. relationship
- 2. elicit problem stories
- 3. deconstruct dominant stories
- 4. embracing preferred stories
- 5. living enriched stories
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Evaluations of Narrative therapy
Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths- empirical validity, quantitative and qualitative research supports effectiveness
- Weaknesses- difficult to read/understand
- ignores relationships btw people
- slim to none - empirical research
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Applications of Narrative Theory?
- great for diverse backgrounds
- therapist should be of same culture as client b/c different "acceptable" traditions across cultures
- good for females and those from groups that have been oppressed
- good for those who are "coming out" b/c they're rewriting their story
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What are central constructs of Narrative Therapy?
- Stories(alternative stories, cultural/dominant discourse, problem saturated stories)
- Thinness & Thickness- Thin has too few details, Thick stories are rich and elaborate
- Unique Outcomes
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What is the view of human nature in Solution Focused Therapy?
- Hardcore SF therapists don't care what motivates people
- Therapists observe what clients want to achieve and use clients strengths and resources to help them read their solutions
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What are the goals of SF therapy?
- change the doing of the situation that is perceived as problematic
- change the viewing of the situation perceived as problematic
- evoke resources, strengths, and solutions to bring to the situation perceived as problematic
- find out what client wants
- counselor works w/ client to develop specific , attainable and concrete goals
- good goals specify what replaces the wanted behaviors
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What is the role of assessment in SF therapy?
- no traditional assessment
- interview for solutions
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What is the role of the counselor in SF therapy?
- tries to expand options, not limit them
- takes responsibility for what happens in therapy
- has special knowledge about how problems are maintained and changed
- expert in change, but not client's problem
- focus on what client says needs to be different without making further assumptions
- takes lead and uses series of questions designed to elicit information relevant to exceptions and solutions
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What is the role of client in SF therapy?
- expert on self and situation
- has all necessary knowledge about problem and ability to change things
- active collaborator in process and responsible for doing what is necessary to solve problem
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What is the nature of relationship in SF therapy?
- special kind of intimacy and harmony
- attends to what the other says
- respects the other's worldview as valid and meaningful
- energetic process
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What techniques are associated with SF therapy?
- Questions- difference questions, relationship questions
- normalizing the problem- feel like not "crazy"
- compliments
- miracle question
- scaling questions
- prediction tasks
- fast-forwarding questions
- externalizing problem- give problem a name
- write read burn
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What happens in therapy in SF therapy?
- relationship
- invites client cooperation by initiating cooperative behaviors
- client cooperates
- first session is important- discuss problem and exceptions, create solvable complaint, find exceptions, set goals
- most clients find solutions in less than 10 sessions
- focuses on present
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Evaluations of SF theory
Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths- short term
Weakness-no strong empirical support, superficial,
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