Phyc 8-12

specific need or desire, such as hunger,thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior

feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior.

inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behaviors that are characteristic of an entire species.

state of tension or arousal that motivates behavior

states that motivated behavior is aimed at reducing a state of bodily tension or arousal and returning the organism to homeostasis

state of balance and stability in which the organism functions effectively.

unlearned drive, such as hunger, that are based on a physiological state

learned drives, such as ambition, that are not based on a physiological state

Theory of motivation that proposes that organism seek an optimal level of arousal

states that there is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task; the more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates

a desire to perform as behavior that stems from the enjoyment derived for the behavior itself

a desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment

a theory of motivation advanced by maslow holding that higher order motives involving social and personal growth only emerge after lower level motives related to survival have been satisfied

a simple sugar used by the body for energy

a hormone released by fat cells that reduces appetite

a hormone produced in the stomach and small intestines that increases appetite

external stimulus that prompts goal-directed behavior

a serious eating disorder that is associated with an intense fear of weight gain and a distorted body image.

an eating disorder characterized by binges of eating followed by self-induced vomiting

a disorder generally  seen in young men involving an obsessive concern with muscle size

a theory that our bodies are genetically predisposed to maintaining a certain weight by changing our metabolic rate and activity level in response to caloric intake

the primary male sex hormone

the typical sequence of events, including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution, characterizing sexual response in males and females

refers to the direction of one's sexual interest toward members of the same sex, the other sex, or both sexes

unlearned motives, such as curiosity or contact, that prompts us to explore or change the world around us

behavior aimed at doing harm to others; also, the motive to behave aggressively

the need to excel, to overcome obstacles

the need to be with others

states that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies, and emotions result from those physiological changes

states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes

states that emotional experience depends on one's perception or judgment of a situation

culture-specific rules that govern how, when, and why expressions of emotion are appropriate

the study of the changes that occur in people from birth through old age

a method of studying developmental changes by comparing people of different ages at about the same time

a group of people born during the same period in historical time

a method of studying developmental changes by evaluating the same people at different points in their lives

a method of studying developmental changes by reconstructing a person's past through interviews and inferring the effects of past events on current behaviors.

development from conception to birth

a developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception

a developing human between 3 months after conception and birth

toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects

a time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect

a disorder that occurs in children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy; this disorder is characterized facial deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, brain damage and cognitive impairments

newborn babies

characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation

an automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of the passage of time

in Piaget's theory, the state of cognitive development between birth and 2 years of age in which the individual develops object permanence and acquires the ability to form mental representations

the concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight

mental images or symbols (such as words) used to think about or remember an object, a person, or an event

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in an egocentric fashion

unable to see things from another's point of view.

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 11 years of age in which the individual can attend to more than one thing at a time and understand someone else's point of vie, though thinking is limited to concrete matters

the concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in its appearance

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development beginning about 11 years of age in which the individual becomes capable of abstract thought

a baby's vocalizations, consisting of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations.

one-word sentences commonly used by children under 2 years of age

a hypothetical neural mechanism for acquiring language that is presumed to be "wired into" all humans

the tendency in certain species to follow the first moving thing (usually its mother) it sees after it is born or hatched

emotional bond that develops in the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caregivers for safety and comfort

fear of unfamiliar people which usually emerges around 7 months, reaching its peak at 12 months and declining during the seconds year

sense of independence; a desire not to be controlled by others

process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and culture

a network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support

the unique aspects of the environment that are experienced differently by siblings, even though they are reared in the same family

a little girl's knowledge that she is a girl, and a little boy's knowledge that he is a boy

the realization that gender does not change with age

knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender

general beliefs about characteristics that men and women are presumed to have

social prescribed ways of behaving that differ for boys and girls

a rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolescence

the onset of sexual maturation, with accompanying physical development

first menstrual period

Erickson's term for the development of a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on others to dependence on oneself.

a period of intense self-examination and decision making; part of the process of the process of identity formation

groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment

a time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jobs or personal lives and attempt to make a decisive shift in career or lifestyle

according to Levinson, a process whereby adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future

the time in a woman's life when menstruation ceases

a neurological disorder, most commonly found in late adulthood, characterized by progressive losses in memory and cognition and by changes in personality

an individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations

in Freud's theory, all the ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are not and normally cannot become aware

the theory of personality Freud developed, as well as the form of therapy he invented

according to Freud, the energy generated by the sexual instinct

In Freud's theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desired that continually seek expression

according to Freud, the way in which the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct

Freud's term for the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands (reality), conscience (superego), and instinctual needs (id); now often used as a synonym for "self"

according the Freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world

according to Freud, the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscience and the ego ideal

the part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be

according to Freud, a partial or complete halt at some point in the individual's psychosexual development.

first stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which the infant's erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue

second stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which a child's erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination

third stage in freud's theory of personality development, in which erotic feelings center on the genitals

according to Freud, a child's sexual attachment to the parent  of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage

in Freud's theory of personality, a period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex; occurs after the phallic stage

in Freud's theory of personality development, the final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality

in Jung's theory of personality, one of the two levels of the unconscious; it contains the individual's repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas.

in Jung's theory of personality, the level of e unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species

in Jung's theory of personality, thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the collective unconscious

According to Jung, our public self, the mask we wear to represent ourselves to others.

According to Jung, people who usually focus on social life and the external world instead of on their internal experience

according the Jung, people who usually focus on their own thoughts and feelings

according to Adler, the person's effort to overcome imagined or real personal weaknesses

In Adler's theory, the fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that results in emotional and social paralysis

any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning

according to Rogers, the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become that it is inherently capable of becoming

According to Rogers, the drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts, or the images they have of themselves.

According to Rogers, an individual whose self concept closely resembles in his or her inborn capacities or potentials

in Rogers's theory, the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of his or her behavior

In Rogers's theory, acceptance and love that are dependent on another's behaving in certain ways and on fulfilling certain conditions

dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways

a statistical technique that identifies groups of related objects, it was used by Cattell to identify clusters of trains

five traits or basic dimensions currently considered to be of central importance in describing personality

Personality theories that view behavior as the product of the interaction of cognitions, learning and past experiences, and the immediate environment

in Bandura's view, what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways.

in Bandura's theory, standards that people develop to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in a variety of situations

according to Bandura, the expectancy that one's efforts will be successful

according to Rotter, an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control

the most widely used objective personality test, originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis

Personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material

A projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personality

A projective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a complete story

Any environmental demand that creates a state of tension or threat and requires change or adaption

a state of psychological tension or strain

any effort to cope with stress

a feeling that one must speed up, intensify, or change the direction of one's behavior or live up to a higher standard of performance

the feeling that occurs when a person is prevented from reaching a goal

simultaneous existence of incompatible demands, opportunities, needs, or goals

according to Lewin, the result of simultaneous attractions to tow appealing possibilities, neither of which has any negative qualities

According to Lewin, the result of facing a choice between two undesirable possibilities, neither of which has any positive qualities

according to Lewin, the result of being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal

Acknowledging a stressful situation directly and attempting to find a solution to the problem or to attain the difficult goal

deciding on a more realistic solution or goal when an idea solution or goal is not practical

avoiding a situation when other forms of coping are not practical

self deceptive techniques for reducing stress, including denial, repression, projection, identification, regression, intellectualization, reaction formation, displacement, and sublimation

refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality

excluding uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, and desires from consciousness

attributing one's repressed motives, feelings, or wishes to others

taking on the characteristics of someone else to avoid feeling incompetent

Reverting the childlike behavior

thinking abstractly about stressful problems as a way of detaching oneself from them

expression of exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of one's repressed beliefs or feelings

shifting repressed motives and emotions from an original object to a substitute object

redirecting repressed motives and feelings into more socially acceptable channels

a subfield of psychology concerned with the relationship between psychological factors and physical health and illness

according to Selye, the three stages the body passes through as it adapts to stress: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

a new field that studies the interaction between stress on the one hand and immune, endocrine, and nervous system activity on the other

psychological disorder characterized by episodes of anxiety, sleeplessness, and nightmares resulting from some disturbing past event

positive personal growth that may follow an extremely stressful event

view that psychological disorders have a biochemical or physiological basis

view that psychological disorders result from unconscious internal conflicts

view that psychological disorders result from learning maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving

view that people biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (those with certain diathesis) will tend to exhibit that disorder when particularly affected by stress

biological predisposition

view that biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produces psychological disorders. also known as the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders

legal term applied to defendants who do not know right from wrong or are unable to control their behavior

disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state

a mood disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness, lack of interest in activities, and perhaps excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness

a depressive disorder characterized by an episode of intense sadness, depressed mood, or marked loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities

a depressive disorder where the symptoms are generally less severe than for major depressive disorder, but are present most days and persist for at least 2 years

a mood disorder characterized by euphoric states, extreme physical activity, excessive talkativeness, distractedness, and sometimes grandiosity

a mood disorder in which periods of mania and depression alternate, sometimes with periods of normal mood intervening

an illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and unworthiness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events

disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic feature or the avoidance of anxiety seems to motivate abnormal behavior

anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, paralyzing fear of something

anxiety disorders characterized by excessive, inappropriate fears connected with social situations or performances in front of other people

an anxiety disorder that involves multiple, intense fears of crowds, public places, and other situations that require separation from a source of security such as the home

an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks in which the person suddenly experiences intense fear or terror without any reasonable cause

an anxiety disorder characterized by prolonged vague but intense fears that are not attached to any particular object or circumstance

an anxiety disorder in which a person feels driven to think disturbing thoughts or to perform senseless rituals

a disorder in which there is real physical illness that is largely caused by psychological factors such as stress and anxiety

disorders in which there is an apparent physical illness for which there is no organic basis

a somatoform disorder characterized by recurrent vague somatic complaints without a physical cause

somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic evidence of such illness

a somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagined ugliness that normal like is impossible

disorders in which some aspect of the personality seems separated from the rest

a disorder characterized by loss of memory for past events without organic cause

a disorder that involves flight from home and the assumption of a new identity with amnesia for past identity and events

(aka multiple personality disorder.) Disorder characterized by the separation of the personality into two or more distinct personalities

a dissociate disorder whose essential feature is that the person suddenly feels changed or different in a strange ways

loss or impairment of the ordinary physical responses of sexual function

the ability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection

the inability of a woman to become sexually aroused or to reach orgasm

disorders in which the person lacks sexual interest or has an active distaste for sex

inability to reach orgasm in a person able to experience sexual desire and maintain arousal

inability of man to inhibit orgasm as long as desired

involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the vagina that make intercourse impossible

sexual disorders in which unconventional objects or situations cause sexual arousal

a paraphilia in which a nonhuman object is the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement

desire to watch others having sexual relations or to spy on nude people

compulsion to expose one's genitals in public to achieve sexual arousal

compulsion to achieve sexual arousal by touching or rubbing against a noncondensing person in public situations

wearing the clothes of the opposite sex to achieve sexual gratifications

obtaining sexual gratification from humiliating or physically harming a sex partner

inability to enjoy sex without accompanying emotional or physical pain

desire to have sexual relations with children as the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement

disorders that involve the desire to become, or the insistence that one really is, a member of the other biological sex.

rejection of one's biological gender in childhood, along with the clothing and behavior that society considers appropriate to that gender

disorders in which inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving learned early in life cause distress to the person or conflicts with others

personality disorder in which a person is withdrawn and lacks feelings for others

personality disorder in which the person is inappropriately suspicious and mistrustful of others

personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone

personality disorder in which the person's fears of rejection by others lead to social isolation

personality disorder in which the person has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and needs constant admiration

personality disorder characterized by marking instability in self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships

personality disorder that involves a pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical and exploitative behavior and an inability to feel affections for others

severe disorders in which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations

behavior characterized by a loss of touch with reality

sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation

false beliefs about reality that have no basis in fact

Schizophrenic disorder in which bizarre and childlike behaviors are common

Schizophrenic disorder in which disturbed motor behavior is prominent

Schizophrenic disorder marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex, bizarre delusions

Schizophrenic disorder in which there are clear schizophrenic symptoms what do not meet the criteria fro another subtype of the disorder

a childhood disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity

drugs that increase ability to focus attention in people with ADHD

a childhood disorder characterized by lack of social instincts and strange motor behavior

a range of disorders involving varying degrees of impairment in communication skills, social interactions, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior