-
specific need or desire, such as hunger,thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior
motive
-
feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior.
emotion
-
inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behaviors that are characteristic of an entire species.
instincts
-
state of tension or arousal that motivates behavior
drive
-
states that motivated behavior is aimed at reducing a state of bodily tension or arousal and returning the organism to homeostasis
drive-reduction theory
-
state of balance and stability in which the organism functions effectively.
homeostasis
-
unlearned drive, such as hunger, that are based on a physiological state
primary drives
-
learned drives, such as ambition, that are not based on a physiological state
secondary drives
-
Theory of motivation that proposes that organism seek an optimal level of arousal
arousal theory
-
states that there is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task; the more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates
Yerkes-Dodson law
-
a desire to perform as behavior that stems from the enjoyment derived for the behavior itself
intrinsic motivation
-
a desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment
extrinsic motivation
-
a theory of motivation advanced by maslow holding that higher order motives involving social and personal growth only emerge after lower level motives related to survival have been satisfied
hierarchy of needs
-
a simple sugar used by the body for energy
glucose
-
a hormone released by fat cells that reduces appetite
leptin
-
a hormone produced in the stomach and small intestines that increases appetite
ghrelin
-
external stimulus that prompts goal-directed behavior
incentive
-
a serious eating disorder that is associated with an intense fear of weight gain and a distorted body image.
anorexia nervosa
-
an eating disorder characterized by binges of eating followed by self-induced vomiting
bulimia nervosa
-
a disorder generally seen in young men involving an obsessive concern with muscle size
muscle dysmorphia
-
a theory that our bodies are genetically predisposed to maintaining a certain weight by changing our metabolic rate and activity level in response to caloric intake
set point theory
-
the primary male sex hormone
testosterone
-
the typical sequence of events, including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution, characterizing sexual response in males and females
sexual response cycle
-
refers to the direction of one's sexual interest toward members of the same sex, the other sex, or both sexes
sexual orientation
-
unlearned motives, such as curiosity or contact, that prompts us to explore or change the world around us
stimulus motives
-
behavior aimed at doing harm to others; also, the motive to behave aggressively
aggression
-
the need to excel, to overcome obstacles
achievement motive
-
the need to be with others
affiliation motive
-
states that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies, and emotions result from those physiological changes
James-Lange theory
-
states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes
Cannon-Bard theory
-
states that emotional experience depends on one's perception or judgment of a situation
cognitive theory
-
culture-specific rules that govern how, when, and why expressions of emotion are appropriate
display rules
-
the study of the changes that occur in people from birth through old age
developmental psychology
-
a method of studying developmental changes by comparing people of different ages at about the same time
cross-sectional study
-
a group of people born during the same period in historical time
cohort
-
a method of studying developmental changes by evaluating the same people at different points in their lives
longitudinal studies
-
a method of studying developmental changes by reconstructing a person's past through interviews and inferring the effects of past events on current behaviors.
biographical (or retrospective) study
-
development from conception to birth
prenatal development
-
a developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception
embryo
-
a developing human between 3 months after conception and birth
fetus
-
toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects
teratogens
-
a time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect
critical period
-
a disorder that occurs in children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy; this disorder is characterized facial deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, brain damage and cognitive impairments
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
-
-
characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation
temperament
-
an automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of the passage of time
maturation
-
in Piaget's theory, the state of cognitive development between birth and 2 years of age in which the individual develops object permanence and acquires the ability to form mental representations
sensor-motor stage
-
the concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight
object permanence
-
mental images or symbols (such as words) used to think about or remember an object, a person, or an event
mental representations
-
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in an egocentric fashion
preoperational stage
-
unable to see things from another's point of view.
egocentric
-
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 11 years of age in which the individual can attend to more than one thing at a time and understand someone else's point of vie, though thinking is limited to concrete matters
concrete-operational stage
-
the concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in its appearance
principles of conservation
-
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development beginning about 11 years of age in which the individual becomes capable of abstract thought
formal-operational stage
-
a baby's vocalizations, consisting of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations.
babbling
-
one-word sentences commonly used by children under 2 years of age
holophrases
-
a hypothetical neural mechanism for acquiring language that is presumed to be "wired into" all humans
language acquisition device
-
the tendency in certain species to follow the first moving thing (usually its mother) it sees after it is born or hatched
imprinting
-
emotional bond that develops in the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caregivers for safety and comfort
attachment
-
fear of unfamiliar people which usually emerges around 7 months, reaching its peak at 12 months and declining during the seconds year
stranger anxiety
-
sense of independence; a desire not to be controlled by others
autonomy
-
process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and culture
socialization
-
a network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support
peer group
-
the unique aspects of the environment that are experienced differently by siblings, even though they are reared in the same family
non-shared environment
-
a little girl's knowledge that she is a girl, and a little boy's knowledge that he is a boy
gender identity
-
the realization that gender does not change with age
gender constancy
-
knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender
gender-role awareness
-
general beliefs about characteristics that men and women are presumed to have
gender stereotypes
-
social prescribed ways of behaving that differ for boys and girls
sex-typed behavior
-
a rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolescence
growth spurt
-
the onset of sexual maturation, with accompanying physical development
puberty
-
first menstrual period
menarchie
-
Erickson's term for the development of a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on others to dependence on oneself.
identity formation
-
a period of intense self-examination and decision making; part of the process of the process of identity formation
identity crisis
-
groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment
cliques
-
a time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jobs or personal lives and attempt to make a decisive shift in career or lifestyle
midlife crisis
-
according to Levinson, a process whereby adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future
midlife transition
-
the time in a woman's life when menstruation ceases
menopause
-
a neurological disorder, most commonly found in late adulthood, characterized by progressive losses in memory and cognition and by changes in personality
Alzheimer's disease
-
an individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations
personality
-
in Freud's theory, all the ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are not and normally cannot become aware
unconscious
-
the theory of personality Freud developed, as well as the form of therapy he invented
psychoanalysis
-
according to Freud, the energy generated by the sexual instinct
libido
-
In Freud's theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desired that continually seek expression
ID
-
according to Freud, the way in which the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct
pleasure principle
-
Freud's term for the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands (reality), conscience (superego), and instinctual needs (id); now often used as a synonym for "self"
ego
-
according the Freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world
reality principle
-
according to Freud, the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscience and the ego ideal
superego
-
the part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be
ego ideal
-
according to Freud, a partial or complete halt at some point in the individual's psychosexual development.
fixation
-
first stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which the infant's erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tongue
oral stage
-
second stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which a child's erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination
anal stage
-
third stage in freud's theory of personality development, in which erotic feelings center on the genitals
phallic stage
-
according to Freud, a child's sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage
Oedipus complex and Electra complex
-
in Freud's theory of personality, a period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex; occurs after the phallic stage
latency peroid
-
in Freud's theory of personality development, the final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality
genital stage
-
in Jung's theory of personality, one of the two levels of the unconscious; it contains the individual's repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas.
personal unconscious
-
in Jung's theory of personality, the level of e unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species
collective unconscious
-
in Jung's theory of personality, thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the collective unconscious
archetypes
-
According to Jung, our public self, the mask we wear to represent ourselves to others.
persona
-
According to Jung, people who usually focus on social life and the external world instead of on their internal experience
extraverts
-
according the Jung, people who usually focus on their own thoughts and feelings
introverts
-
according to Adler, the person's effort to overcome imagined or real personal weaknesses
compenations
-
In Adler's theory, the fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that results in emotional and social paralysis
inferiority complex
-
any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning
humanistic personality theory
-
according to Rogers, the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become that it is inherently capable of becoming
actualizing tendency
-
According to Rogers, the drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts, or the images they have of themselves.
self-actualizing tendency
-
According to Rogers, an individual whose self concept closely resembles in his or her inborn capacities or potentials
fully functioning person
-
in Rogers's theory, the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of his or her behavior
unconditional positive regard
-
In Rogers's theory, acceptance and love that are dependent on another's behaving in certain ways and on fulfilling certain conditions
conditional positive regard
-
dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways
personality traits
-
a statistical technique that identifies groups of related objects, it was used by Cattell to identify clusters of trains
factor analysis
-
five traits or basic dimensions currently considered to be of central importance in describing personality
Big Five
-
Personality theories that view behavior as the product of the interaction of cognitions, learning and past experiences, and the immediate environment
cognitive-social learning theories
-
in Bandura's view, what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways.
expectancies
-
in Bandura's theory, standards that people develop to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in a variety of situations
performance standards
-
according to Bandura, the expectancy that one's efforts will be successful
self-efficacy
-
according to Rotter, an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control
locus of control
-
the most widely used objective personality test, originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
-
Personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material
projective tests
-
A projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personality
Rorschach Test
-
A projective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a complete story
thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
-
Any environmental demand that creates a state of tension or threat and requires change or adaption
stressor
-
a state of psychological tension or strain
stress
-
any effort to cope with stress
adjustment
-
a feeling that one must speed up, intensify, or change the direction of one's behavior or live up to a higher standard of performance
pressure
-
the feeling that occurs when a person is prevented from reaching a goal
frustration
-
simultaneous existence of incompatible demands, opportunities, needs, or goals
conflict
-
according to Lewin, the result of simultaneous attractions to tow appealing possibilities, neither of which has any negative qualities
approach/approach conflict
-
According to Lewin, the result of facing a choice between two undesirable possibilities, neither of which has any positive qualities
avoidance/avoidance conflict
-
according to Lewin, the result of being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal
approach/avoidance conflict
-
Acknowledging a stressful situation directly and attempting to find a solution to the problem or to attain the difficult goal
confrontation
-
deciding on a more realistic solution or goal when an idea solution or goal is not practical
compromise
-
avoiding a situation when other forms of coping are not practical
withdrawal
-
self deceptive techniques for reducing stress, including denial, repression, projection, identification, regression, intellectualization, reaction formation, displacement, and sublimation
defense mechanisms
-
refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality
denial
-
excluding uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, and desires from consciousness
repression
-
attributing one's repressed motives, feelings, or wishes to others
projection
-
taking on the characteristics of someone else to avoid feeling incompetent
identification
-
Reverting the childlike behavior
regression
-
thinking abstractly about stressful problems as a way of detaching oneself from them
intellectualization
-
expression of exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of one's repressed beliefs or feelings
reaction formation
-
shifting repressed motives and emotions from an original object to a substitute object
displacement
-
redirecting repressed motives and feelings into more socially acceptable channels
sublimation
-
a subfield of psychology concerned with the relationship between psychological factors and physical health and illness
health psychology
-
according to Selye, the three stages the body passes through as it adapts to stress: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion
general adaption syndrome (GAS)
-
a new field that studies the interaction between stress on the one hand and immune, endocrine, and nervous system activity on the other
psychoneuroimmunology
-
psychological disorder characterized by episodes of anxiety, sleeplessness, and nightmares resulting from some disturbing past event
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
-
positive personal growth that may follow an extremely stressful event
posttraumatic growth (PTG)
-
view that psychological disorders have a biochemical or physiological basis
biological model
-
view that psychological disorders result from unconscious internal conflicts
psychoanalytic model
-
view that psychological disorders result from learning maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving
cognitive-behavioral model
-
view that people biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (those with certain diathesis) will tend to exhibit that disorder when particularly affected by stress
diathesis-stress model
-
biological predisposition
diathesis
-
view that biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produces psychological disorders. also known as the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders
systems approach
-
legal term applied to defendants who do not know right from wrong or are unable to control their behavior
insanity
-
disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state
mood disorders
-
a mood disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness, lack of interest in activities, and perhaps excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness
depression
-
a depressive disorder characterized by an episode of intense sadness, depressed mood, or marked loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities
major depressive disorder
-
a depressive disorder where the symptoms are generally less severe than for major depressive disorder, but are present most days and persist for at least 2 years
dysthymia
-
a mood disorder characterized by euphoric states, extreme physical activity, excessive talkativeness, distractedness, and sometimes grandiosity
mania
-
a mood disorder in which periods of mania and depression alternate, sometimes with periods of normal mood intervening
bipolar disorder
-
an illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and unworthiness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events
cognitive distortions
-
disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic feature or the avoidance of anxiety seems to motivate abnormal behavior
anxiety disorders
-
anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, paralyzing fear of something
specific phobia
-
anxiety disorders characterized by excessive, inappropriate fears connected with social situations or performances in front of other people
social phobias
-
an anxiety disorder that involves multiple, intense fears of crowds, public places, and other situations that require separation from a source of security such as the home
agoraphobia
-
an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks in which the person suddenly experiences intense fear or terror without any reasonable cause
panic disorder
-
an anxiety disorder characterized by prolonged vague but intense fears that are not attached to any particular object or circumstance
generalized anxiety disorder
-
an anxiety disorder in which a person feels driven to think disturbing thoughts or to perform senseless rituals
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
-
a disorder in which there is real physical illness that is largely caused by psychological factors such as stress and anxiety
psychosomatic disorder
-
disorders in which there is an apparent physical illness for which there is no organic basis
somatoform disorders
-
a somatoform disorder characterized by recurrent vague somatic complaints without a physical cause
somatization disorder
-
somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems
conversion disorders
-
a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic evidence of such illness
hypochondriasis
-
a somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagined ugliness that normal like is impossible
body dysmorphic disorder
-
disorders in which some aspect of the personality seems separated from the rest
dissociative disorders
-
a disorder characterized by loss of memory for past events without organic cause
dissociative amnesia
-
a disorder that involves flight from home and the assumption of a new identity with amnesia for past identity and events
dissociative fugue
-
(aka multiple personality disorder.) Disorder characterized by the separation of the personality into two or more distinct personalities
dissociative identity disorder
-
a dissociate disorder whose essential feature is that the person suddenly feels changed or different in a strange ways
depersonalization disorder
-
loss or impairment of the ordinary physical responses of sexual function
sexual dysfunction
-
the ability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection
erectile disorder (or erectile dysfunction) (ED)
-
the inability of a woman to become sexually aroused or to reach orgasm
female sexual arousal disorder
-
disorders in which the person lacks sexual interest or has an active distaste for sex
sexual desire disorder
-
inability to reach orgasm in a person able to experience sexual desire and maintain arousal
orgasmic disorders
-
inability of man to inhibit orgasm as long as desired
premature ejaculation
-
involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the vagina that make intercourse impossible
vaginismus
-
sexual disorders in which unconventional objects or situations cause sexual arousal
paraphilias
-
a paraphilia in which a nonhuman object is the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement
fetishism
-
desire to watch others having sexual relations or to spy on nude people
voyeurism
-
compulsion to expose one's genitals in public to achieve sexual arousal
exhibitionism
-
compulsion to achieve sexual arousal by touching or rubbing against a noncondensing person in public situations
frotteurism
-
wearing the clothes of the opposite sex to achieve sexual gratifications
transvestic fetishism
-
obtaining sexual gratification from humiliating or physically harming a sex partner
sexual sadism
-
inability to enjoy sex without accompanying emotional or physical pain
sexual masochism
-
desire to have sexual relations with children as the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement
pedophilia
-
disorders that involve the desire to become, or the insistence that one really is, a member of the other biological sex.
gender-identity disorder
-
rejection of one's biological gender in childhood, along with the clothing and behavior that society considers appropriate to that gender
gender-identity disorder in children
-
disorders in which inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving learned early in life cause distress to the person or conflicts with others
personality disorders
-
personality disorder in which a person is withdrawn and lacks feelings for others
schizoid personality disorders
-
personality disorder in which the person is inappropriately suspicious and mistrustful of others
paranoid personality disorder
-
personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone
dependent personality disorder
-
personality disorder in which the person's fears of rejection by others lead to social isolation
avoidant personality disorder
-
personality disorder in which the person has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and needs constant admiration
narcissistic personality disorder
-
personality disorder characterized by marking instability in self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships
borderline personality disorder
-
personality disorder that involves a pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical and exploitative behavior and an inability to feel affections for others
antisocial personality disorder
-
severe disorders in which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations
schizophrenic disorders
-
behavior characterized by a loss of touch with reality
psychotic
-
sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation
hallucinations
-
false beliefs about reality that have no basis in fact
delusions
-
Schizophrenic disorder in which bizarre and childlike behaviors are common
disorganized schizophenia
-
Schizophrenic disorder in which disturbed motor behavior is prominent
catatonic schizophrenia
-
Schizophrenic disorder marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex, bizarre delusions
paranoid schizophrenia
-
Schizophrenic disorder in which there are clear schizophrenic symptoms what do not meet the criteria fro another subtype of the disorder
undifferentiated schizophrenia
-
a childhood disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
-
drugs that increase ability to focus attention in people with ADHD
psychostimulant
-
a childhood disorder characterized by lack of social instincts and strange motor behavior
autistic disorder
-
a range of disorders involving varying degrees of impairment in communication skills, social interactions, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior
autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)
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