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krisirene
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What are the 7 layers of the OSI Model?
- Layer 7 - Application
- Layer 6- Presentation
- Layer 5 - Session
- Layer 4 - Transport
- Layer 3 - Network
- Layer 2 - Data Link
- Layer 1 - Physical
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What are the 4 layers of the TCP/IP model?
- Application Layer
- Transport Layer
- Internet Layer
- Network Interface Layer (also link layer)
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What layer of the OSI model does the MAC address operate at?
Layer 2 - Data Link
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What layer of the OSI model does the IP address operate at?
Layer 3 - Network
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What layer of the OSI model does EUI-64 operate at?
Layer 2 - Data Link
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What layer of the OSI model do Frames operate at?
Layer 2 - Data Link
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What OSI layer do packets operate at?
Layer 3 - Network
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What layer of the OSI model does a switch function at?
Layer 2 - Data Link
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What layer of the OSI model does a router operate at?
Layer 3 - Network
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What layer of the OSI model does a multilayer switch function at?
Layer 2 Data Link and Layer 3 Network
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What layer of the OSI model does a hub operate at?
Layer 1 - Physical
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What layer of the OSI model do encryption devices operate at?
Layer
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What layer of the OSI model does a cable operate?
Layer 1 - physical
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What layer of the OSI model does a NIC operate?
layer 1 - physical
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What layer of the OSI model does a bridge operate at?
Level 2 - data link
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How many bits is a IPv4 address?
32 bits
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What is the range of the first octect for a class A address?
0-127
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What is the range of the first octect for a class B address?
128-191
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What is the range of the first octect for a class c address?
192-223
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What are class D addresses used for?
multicasting
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How many bits are in a IPv6 address?
128 bits
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What is the address range of an APIPA address?
169.254.x.x
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What is CIDR?
classless inter-domain routing
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What are private address ranges?
- 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
- 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
- 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
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What is a unicast address?
sends information to one system.
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What is a broadcast address?
sends information to all systems on the network
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what is a multicast address?
sends information to a selected group of systems
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in IPv6 what is a global unicast address?
public address that is routable on the internet and is the equivalent to a public ip address in IPv4
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In IPv6 what is a site-local unicast address?
a private address and is similar to a private address in IPv4 and used for local communication only. A IPv6 site local unicast address always starts with FECo
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In IPv6 what is a link-local address?
similar to an APIPA address in IPv4 and can ony be used to communicate with other nodes on the link. A link-local unicast address starts with FE8o
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What is EIGRP?
- Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol
- shares routing table information with other routers located inside your network
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What is OSPF?
Open shortest path first is a link state protocol. has an unlimited hop count, can share between dissimilar routers and supports VLSM
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what is RIP?
routing information protocol. it is distance vector and responsible for sharing its routing table information with neighboring routers by broadcasting the information over UDP every 30 seconds
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what are distance vector protocols?
routing protocols that measure the best route to use based on the lowest hop count examples are RIP and IGRP
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What is a link state protocol?
link state protocols monitor the state of the link between routers. The link state is then used to determine the optimal route to a destination network. OSPF and IS-IS are examples of link state protocols
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What is a hybrid protocol?
combines distance vector and link state protocol traits. An example of a hybrid protocol is EIGRP, supports VLSM, IPv4 and IPv6 and has a max hop count of 255 hops
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What is the command on a cisco router to add a static route?
ip route
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What is the command on a cisco router to display the routing table?
show ip route
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What is the command for displaying the routing table of your local system?
route print
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In windows to add a route what command do you use?
route add
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What is convergence?
also known as steady state, is when the routes on each router are shared with all other routers and merged into each router's routing table.
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What are 4 routing metrics used when placing values of a route?
- hop count
- MTU or bandwidth
- Costs
- Latency
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What is IGP?
interior gateway protocol, shares routing table information with other routers located inside your network
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What is EGP?
exterior gateway protocol and shares routing tables to routers outside of your network.
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What is port mirroring?
also known as port monitoring. It is a feature that allows the switch to send a copy of data that reaches certain ports to the mirrored or monitored port.
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What is 802.1q?
When a switch assigns the VLAN identification information to a packte, this is known as tagging. Two protocols used for tagging are 802.1q and ISL. ISL is the cisco branded protocol while 802.1q is the IEEE standard for VLAN trunking
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What is STP?
spanning-tree protocol runs at layer 2 and is designed to prevent loops on a network that could occur if you connect a number of switches together.
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What port does SMTP use?
port 25
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What port does HTTP use?
port 80
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what port does HTTP use?
port 443
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What ports does FTP use?
ports 20,21
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What port does TELNET use?
port 23
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What port does IMAP use?
port 143
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What port does RDP use?
port 3389
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What port does SSH use?
port 22
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What port does DNS use?
port 53
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What ports does DHCP use?
ports 67,68
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What are the 8 steps to troubleshooting?
- identify the problem
- establish a theory or probable cause
- test the theory to determine the cause
- establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and identify potential effects
- implement the solution or escalate as necessary
- verify full system functionality and if applicable implement preventative measures
- document findings, actions and outcomes
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What is the difference between NAT, PAT and SNAT?
SNAT is when you have private addresse inside the network translated to a single public IP address and creates a one-to-one mapping. PAT is when you overload the public address with multiple private addresses, the port address translation (PAT).
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what is VTP?
VLAN trunking protocol developed by Cisco that allows a network administrator to create a list of VLANs on one switch and then have the list of VLANs delivered to other switches within the VTP domain. It is a management protocol.
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What is packet switching?
The process of breaking a transmission down into multiple packets, each potentially taking a different route to the destination network. The packets can be received out of order and are assembled at the destination.
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What are the properties of ATM?
- circuit-switching
- uses packets size of 53 bytes called a cell
- WAN technology
- 622 Mbps
- good for voice or video
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What is SONET?
- Synchronous Optical Network
- North American Standard
- Fiber
- SHD is the European standard for SONET
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What is the SDH Level and Bandwidth for STS-1?
- level: none
- 51.84 Mbps
- OC-1
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What is the SDH Level and Bandwidth for STS-3?
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What is the SDH Level and Bandwidth for STS-9?
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What is the SDH Level and Bandwidth for STS-12?
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What is the SDH Level and Bandwidth for STS-18?
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What is the SDH Level and Bandwidth for STS-24?
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What is the SDH Level and Bandwidth for STS-36?
- level: STM-12
- 1866.24 Mbps
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What is the SDH Level and Bandwidth for STS-48?
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What is the SDH Level and Bandwidth for STS-96?
- level: STM-32
- 4976.64 Mbps
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What is the SDH Level and Bandwidth for STS-192?
- level: STM-64
- 9953.28 Mbps
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What is DWDM?
dense wavelength division multiplexing is a technology to increase the bandwidth over existing fiber-optic cabling
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What is PON?
Passive Optical Network, is a technology involving the service provider installing a splitter at their location to split a single-fiber link to multiple customer locations
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What is X.25?
packet switched network that uses a devices called a packet assembler/dissembler (PAD) to connect a system to the x.25 network. The PAD connects to serial ports of a device and is therefore considered RS-232 compliant transfer rates of 2 Mbps
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What is Frame Relay?
digital version of x.25. Runs at layers 1 and 2 of the OSI with transfer rates up to 50 Mbps and has QoS
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What is FDDI?
uses a fault-tolerant ring topology and fiber optic cabling of speeds of 100 mbps or more
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What is the bandwidth of a T1?
1.544 Mbps
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What is the bandwidth of a T3?
44.736 Mbps
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What is POTS/PSTN?
plain old telephone service/public switched telephone network provides access through conventional telephone lines using a modem to recieve transfer rates of 56 kbps
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What is HSPA+?
Evolved High-Speed Packet Access is a broadband solution based on wireless technology. Offers broadband speeds of 84 Mbps downloads and 22 Mbps uploads
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What is WiMax?
microwave. old version runs at 40 Mbps and the 2011 version is expected to run at 1 Gbps
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What is LTE?
Long Term Evolution. wireless technology designed to give broadband services to mobile users through the phone. 100 Mbps
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What are the specifications of 10BaseT?
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What are the specifications of 100BaseT?
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What are the specifications of 1000BaseTX?
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What is IEEE 802.3z
1000BaseX 1 Gbps Fiber
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IEEE 802.3b
1000BaseT defines GB ethernet over twisted pair
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10GBaseSR
- short range
- MMF
- 100 meters
- 10 Gbps
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10GBaseER
- extra long range
- SMF
- 40 km
- 10 Gbps
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10GBaseSW
- SONET
- short range
- MMF
- 100 meters
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10GBaseEW
- SONET
- extended range
- SMF
- 40 km
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