Nutrition Final

• 1. Ingestion
• 2. Grinding
• 3. Digestion
• 4. Absorption
• 5. Elimination

• 1. Mouth
• 2. Pharynx
• 3. Esophagus
• 4. Stomach
• 5. Small Intestine
• 6. Large Intestine
• 7. Accessory Glands (salivary glands, liver, pancreas)

• 1. Crown
• 2. Neck
• 3. Root
• 4. Enamel
• 5. Pulp
• 6. Gumline
• 7. Dentin
• 8. Cementum

I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3

I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1

I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3

I3/3 C1/1 P3-4/3 M3/3

• 1. Palatine- Man and Dog
• 2. Lingual- Horse, Cow and Pig
• 3. Pharyngeal- Enlargement of these is called adenoids

Lymphoid tissue

behind the left side of the diaphragm

• 1. Cardiac
• 2. Pyloric
• 3. Fundic

• 1. Rumen
• 2. Reticulum
• 3. Omasum
• 4. Abomasum

• True: 1.Abomasum 2.Omasum
• Fore: 1.Rumen 2.Reticulum

The Salivary Glands (Parotid, Mandibular, Submandibular)

4-5%

7%

10% and above

• 1. Moisture of Mucous Membranes
• 2. Heart Rate
• 3. Peripheral Pulse (shock)
• 4. PCV

• 1. Intravenous
• 2. Subcutaneous
• 3. Per Os

Intravenous; 100% accurate

Per Os; should not be used in vomiting cases

when the IV method cannot be obtained due to small veins or pediatrics

BW (lbs) x % dehydration (decimal) x 500= in ml

BW (kgs) x % dehydration (decimal)= L

1 ml/#/hr

2 ml/#/hr

• 1. Thermoregulation
• 2. Maintain Electrolyte Concentrations
• 3. Medium for chemical reactions
• 4. Lubricate body tissues

Hypothalmus

the bodies thermoregulator

• 1. dryness in the mouth
• 2. Lack of water in the stomach
• 3. Increase in plasma sodium

An antidiurectic hormone will be released which will cause the animal to be thirsty

Calories

Small and Large

amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1 Kg of water to 1 Cal

amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1 gm of water to 1 Cal.

• -Utilization of all other nutrients
• - Heat to maintain body temperatures

determined by completely burning the food to its oxidation state products: CO2, HO2 and other gases. The heat given off is considered the G.E.

by subtracting fecal energy output from food energy input

Urine Output and fecal energy output is subtracted from the food energy input

determined by measuring body heat loses and subtracting it from the M.E. value.

• 1. Arginine
• 2. Leucine
• 3. Phenylalanine
• 4. Valine
• 5. Histadine
• 6. Lysine
• 7. Tryptophan
• 8. Isoleucine
• 9. Methionine
• 10. Threonine
• 11. Taurine

• The amount of nitrogen in a food source.
• % Nitrogen x 6.25

estimate of protein quality; the number and amount of essential amino acids the food contains

• Egg- 100%
• Milk- 92%
• Liver- 79%
• Wheat- 48%
• Corn- 45%

• 1. Protein converted to Amino acids
• 2. Amino acids are utilized
• 3. Ammonia is released as a by-product of Amino acid usage
• 4. Ammonia is converted into Urea in the liver and then is excreted by the kidneys
• 5. Urea is the nitrogen end product of protein metabolism

• 1. Simple Sugars
• 2. Complex Sugars
• 3. Trisaccharides
• 4. Polysaccharides

in the mouth by the enzyme salivary amylase. The primary site of digestion occurs in the intestine

Glucose; Galactose and fructose are converted into glucose.

deficiency in insulin production of the pancreas; Hyperglycemia, Glucosuria, Ketonemia, polyuria, polydipsia; seen in middle aged, obese, female dogs; hereditary; Schnauzer, Cocker, Poodles

When blood glucose levels are low, some cells are capable of producing glucose from substrates other than carbohydrates. The liver cells use fats or proteins to synthesize new glucose for the blood.

• 1. Cellulose
• 2. Hemicellulose
• 3. Pectin
• 4. Lignin

• 1. Prevention of Constipation
• 2. may reduce caloric intake while giving a full feeling
• 3. may help to reduce the absorption of carcinogens, steroids and other toxic materials

• 1. Supply energy
• 2. Palatability
• 3. Essential Fatty acids
• 4. Carry fat soluble vitamins

• 1. Linoleic Acid
• 2. Linolenic Acid
• 3. Arachidonic Acid

If digestive enzymes become activated within the pancreas and are not released they will begin digesting the pancreas itself which will cause severe inflammation.

• -Abdominal pain
• -Vomiting
• -elevated pancreatic enzymes
• - Diarrhea

• 1. Hyperlipemia
• 2. Obesity
• 3. Infectious Disease
• 4. Trauma

• - Calcium
• - Phosphorus
• - Salt
• - Iron

FUS

• 1. normal bone development
• 2. provide rigidity for bones and teeth
• 3. aid in blood coagulation
• 4. necessary for nerve excitability

results in a softening or deformation of bones due to failure of the bone matrix to solidify; occurs in animals who are fed all meat diets during growth stage

pain and soft tissue swelling usually around the distal radius, ulna and tibia, lameness; Occurs in young, rapidly growing dogs of the large of giant breeds

Genetic problem manifested by a small acetabulum, a misshapen femoral head; causes lameness and pain in joint;

A disease of pen-fed young bulls characterized by sudden onset of lameness a atrophy of the muscles of the hip and hind limb.

Disease of young growing animals caused by a deficiency in phosphorus and Vitamin D; results in bowed appearance of legs; Sometimes associated with NSH as being the same disease

Hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia in cattle following calving; Dogs= Eclampsia; Mares= Lactation Tetany

Produced by the parathyroid gland; necessary for moving calcium from bone. Prevents having continual bone growth

the thyroid gland; inhibits bone resorption

a hormone rather than a Vitamin; Promotes intestinal calcium absorption;

the Small intestine: mainly duodenum and jejunum

• 1. Calcium
• 2. Phosphorus
• 3. Calcitonin
• 4. Parathyroid hormone
• Occurs in small intestine

• 1. Depression
• 2. Incoordination
• 3. muscular weakness
• 4. Hyperextension of forepaws
• 5. Droopiness of ears and tails

• 1. Muscular Weakness
• 2. Hyperirratibility
• 3. Convulsions
• 4. Reduced Food intake
• 5. Poor growth

FUS

Occurs in cattle in the spring; MG levels low at top of grass so not as likely to be eaten by cattle. Cow will be ataxic, possible seizures, possible Coma, death. Also occurs in calves who feed a strictly milk diet

• 1. Sodium
• 2. Chloride
• 3. Potassium

An essential element of plasma and other extracellular fluids.

the transfer of nutrients and the removal of wastes from the cells; produces bile

the kidney

the formation of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juices which is used to digest protein; Excreted in the Urin

Prolonged and severe diarrhea, vomiting and adrenal cortical insufficiency

fatigue, exhaustion, inability to maintain water balance, decreased water intake, retarded growth, dryness of skin and loss of hair

Water Deprivation

Thirst, pruritis, constipation, anorexia, seizures and death

proper enzyme, muscle, nerve function, fluid balance and appetite; Small and Large intestine

• 1. Poor Growth
• 2. Restlessness
• 3. Muscular Paralysis
• 4. Dehydration
• 5. lesions in the Heart and Kidney

• 1. Chronic diarrhea
• 2. vomiting
• 3. starvation
• 4. Diabetes Mellitus

Protein; Hemoglobin

in transporting oxygen and for enzymes in energy utilization

small intestine; appears in RBCs in about 4 hrs after ingestion

Hemopoiesis- the formation of RBCs

reduced appetite, diarrhea, rough hair coat, increases suseptability to disease.

hereditary, pathological or nutritional origins

bone marrow fails to produce essential blood elements.

caused by shortened life span of RBC and the bone marrows inability to compensate for the decreased life span

reduction in hemoglobin and increased area of central palor in the RBC

Varying degrees of erythrocyte under development

Due to the absence of RBC due to parasite ingestion

Most species 37%-45%

• 1. Hypogonadism
• 2. Skeletal Deformities
• 3. Corneal Lesions
• 4. Impaired immune responses

normal reproduction; glucose utilization and be involved in the production of insulin; involved in production of prothrombin, one of the blood clotting factors

liver, kidney, brain

the stomach and upper small intestine

Bedlington Terrier

Anemia and central nervous system disorder. Also Enzootic ataxia, swayback, falling disease

Vitamin E

Calves, lambs, foals

White Muscle Disease or Enzootic Muscular Dystrophy

• 1. Mulberry heart Disease
• 2. Hepatosis Dietetica

Wheat and Soy

Overconsumption, usually by ruminants.

the synthesis of two hormones produced by the thyroid gland.

• 1. Goiter
• 2. alopecia
• 3. abnormal calcium metabolism 
• 4. Death

• 1. Goiter
• 2. Skeletal deformities
• 3. alopecia
• 4. Lethargy
• 5. Timidity

• 1. Cobalt
• 2. Nickel
• 3. Sulphur
• 4. Molybdenum
• 5. Aluminum
• 6. Silicon
• 7. Chromium
• 8. Flourine

A, D, E, K

Carotenoids

Beta- Carotene which is a carotenoid

Vision, cell mitosis

Night Blindness

Retinol

regulation of calcium metabolism

Rickets

depressed growth; mineralized soft tissues

Cholecalciferol

• 1. Polyunsaturated fat
• 2. Selenium
• 3. Sulphur

soybeans and wheat germ oils; liver and adipose tissue

Brown Bowel Syndrome

Tocopherol

Prothrombin

Alfalfa and Spinach

if freshly cut sweet clover hay is not allowed to dry it will mold and produce Coumarin which will block Vit K in production of prothrombin which will produce prolonged clotting times, hemorrhage or fatal anemias.

for rat poisons and in anticoagulation drugs in cardiac patients

Menadione

• 1.Humans
• 2. Primates
• 3. some birds
• 4. guinea pigs
• 5. fish

Scurvy- most commonly seen in young rapidly growing dogs

Thiamine

deficiency in Riboflavin

Niacin

Black Tongue

Ruminant

• 1. Pyridoxine (most nutritional value)
• 2. Pyridoxal
• 3. Pyrodoxamine

Biotin

the liver from the amino acids.

Perosis or chondodystrophy

ruminants have Enzootic blood loss through Urine. Lesions in the bladder of cows causing the passage of blood stained urine. blood loss could cause fatal anemia. Horses experience a thiamin deficiency

Sorghum fodder, cyanogenic properties; everywhere in Texas

Pokeweed; causes enteritis, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, digestive upset, prickly unpalatable

• Pigs=paralysis
• Horses= blindness
• Others= Gastroenteritis, weakness and diarrhea
• Toxic to all species

causes hepatitis in cattle with depression, severe jaundice and photosensitization. Could effect liver

leaves and branches are very poisonous. Pupil Dilation, Tremors, excitement, convulsions, ventricular Fibrilation, Tachycardia

tree . Also is called Bagpool, coffeebean, and rattlebox. Causes GI upset

is the same as Bladderpod except it is a small bush. GI Upset

Standing crop is safe but hay made from crop spoils easily and affects the clotting ability. Prolonged clotting time, spontaneous hemorrhage, fetal anemia

Seed of the the berry causes severe diarrhea, may also cause excitement and dyspnea. Not Native to America; Neurological

seeds contain a potent toxin which causes a nephritis and fatal hepatits. Poisoning occurs from eating the young seedlings. Vomiting, dyspnea, recumbency, convulsions

wherever contact is made it can react. berries cause acute and chronic poisoning characterized by inflammation of mouth, esoph, and intestines. Aka: Bullnettle

Also called castor oil plant. Diarrhea and convulsions

Tremors, dyspnea, paralysis, recumbency, can be fatal. Toxin can be passed through the milk of cows and poison the person who drinks it

Severe Contact Dermatits "Leaves of Three, Let it be"

Bulbs and leaves piosonous. Cattle, horses, poultry may stagger, have diarrhea, collapse and death

Contains a copious white sap. Diarrhea, incoordination, convulsions in cattle. GI, Neurological

Causes acute indigestion; Heart burn

causes dermatitis. Aka Klamath weed or goatweed

May cause Glaucoma in man. In chickens causes low egg produc, edema, ataxia, comb cyanosis and Gastroenteritis

Dermatits, conjunctivitis and diarrhea in cattle. May be the cause of "Pyrexia-Pruritis-hemorrhage" syndrome in dairy cattle. Dermatitis, fever and mucosal petechiation