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What are the functions of the Respiratory system?
- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air
- vocalization
- sense of smell
- eliminated co2 helps the blood pH stay away from being too acidic
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What are small openings of the nose that allow air to become surrounded by the body?
nares (nostrils)
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What is the hollow chamber within the nose?
nasal cavity
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Where is the nasal cavity?
between nares and pharynx
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What does the nasal cavity contain?
folds and valleys
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There is mucous in the nose. What does this help with?
- trap particles in the air (filter)
- adds moisture to the air (humidify)
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What do the folds in the nasal cavity do?
causes the air to spin on its way through. (warms the air)
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What contains hairs and cilia?
nasal cavity
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What does the pharynx do?
continues to warm, humidify and filter the air
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What is the enlarged chamber of cartilage at the top of the trachea?
larynx
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The larynx has a flap of cartilage at the superior opening called what?
epiglottis
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What are skeletal muscles stretched across the larynx? As air passes over them, they vibrate and create sound.
vocal cords
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In the vocal cords, what is volume determined by?
force of air.
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In the vocal cords, what is pitch determined by?
the contraction of the cords
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What are vestibular folds?
flat skeletal muscles that control the glottis opening to prevent choking
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What is in the lower respiratory tract?
trachea to alveoli
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What is in the upper respiratory tract?
nose to larynx
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What is a large, rigid tube descending from the larynx to the middle of the chest?
trachea
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What has a stack of c-rings of cartilage lined with mucous and cilia?
trachea
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What is the function of the bronchial tree?
increasing surface area for gas exchange
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What are the branches off of the trachea that become more numerous and smaller as they progress?
bronchial tree
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What is the order of the bronchi?
- main bronchi
- lobar bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveolar sacs and alveoli
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At the end of each tiniest bronchiole is a cluster of air sacs called what?
alveolar sacs and alveoli
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How many alveolar are there in the lungs?
2 million
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What are the functional units of the respiratory system?
alveoli and gas exchange
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What are used to create the wall of the alveolus?
squamous alveolar cells
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What secrete pulmonary surfactant?
great alveolar cellls
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what is surfactant?
surface action antigen
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What does surfactant do?
- causes water to be less sticky
- helps water spread out
- makes alveolar linings slippery
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what do alveolar macrophages do?
clean and protect the lining
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What cells are the alveolus and capillary?
simple squamous
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each alveolus has what?
a bed of capillaries wrapped around it.
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How is air moved into and out of the lungs?
ventilation
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What is an umbrella shaped muscle at the base of the rib cage?
diaphragm
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What leads to inhaling and exhaling?
contractions and relaxations of the diaphragm
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What is boyle's law of gases?
if the volume a gas occupies increases, its pressure will decrease
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what is the housing around the bronchial tree?
lungs
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how many lobes on each lung?
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What are the functions of the digestive system?
- ingest
- move nutrients
- absorb
- digest
- remove
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What does the digestive system remove?
undigested materials and wastes
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What does the digestive system do to absorb?
draw the nutrients into the cells of the digestive system
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What does it mean when the digestive system chemically or mechanically breaks down nutrients into substances small enough to be absorbed?
digestion
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What does the digestive system break down nutrients into?
- monosaccharide
- fatty acids
- amino acids
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What is the digestive tract?
route that food takes from mouth to anus
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What are exocrine glands that use ducts to secrete products into the digestive tract?
accessory organs
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what are examples of accessory organs?
- salivary glands
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
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What are the 4 tissue layers of the digestive tract?
- serosa
- muscularis
- submucosa
- mucosa
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in the digestive tract, what has thin epithelial tissue around the outside of the organ?
serosa
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What tissue layer of the digestive track has smooth muscle and moves material that's in the lumen?
muscularis
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in the digestive tract, what has connective tissue and supports the organs needs?
submucosa
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What tissue of the digestive tract has epithelial tissue that coats the inner lining with mucus?
mucosa
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What does the mouth do?
allows food to be ingested
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What begins the digestion of food?
oral cavity
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What do teeth do?
mechanically digest food into smaller pieces
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What helps gather the food and place it between the teeth?
tongue and cheek muscles
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What recognizes 5 distinct tastes in our food?
the tongue
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What secretes saliva into the oral cavity?
salivary glands
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What begins the breakdown of complex carbohydrates?
salivary amylase
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What is lysozyme?
antibacterial
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What is a bolus?
food combined with mucus and saliva
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When is the bolus swallowed?
once its had some time to mix and soften
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What is a long tube connecting the pharynx and stomach?
esophagus
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What has a narrow upper opening and a narrow lower opening?
essophagus
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What generates wave-like contractions called peristalsis to encourage the bolus to progress?
muscularis
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What is the J-shaped pouch, in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen?
stomach
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What secretes several products into the stomach's lumen?
cells of mucosa
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what provides a very thick layer of mucus that protects the lining of the stomach from its own enzyme and acid?
mucous cells
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What cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid that kills many microorganisms?
parietal cells
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What cells of the stomach are needed to activate the enzyme produced by the stomach?
parietal cells
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What acts as a 'chaperone' for vitamin B12 later in the intestine?
secrete intrinsic factor
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in the stomach, what produces and secrete pepsinogen?
chief cells
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in the stomach, what begins the breakdown of proteins?
pepsin
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in the stomach, what rises up and down to mix the boli and gastric secretions?
folds called rugae
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in the stomach, what opens occasionally to allow chyme to exit?
pyloric sphincter
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the boli and gastric secretions mixture liquifies and is called what?
chyme
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What is the long tube from the stomach to the large intestine?
small intestine
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How long is the small intestine?
23 ft. long
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What are the three regions of the small intestines and their length?
- duodenum-12 in.
- jejunum-10-12 ft.
- ileum-8-10 ft.
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what receives chyme from stomach, and secretions from liver, gall bladder and pancreas?
duodenum
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what does the liver do?
produces and secretes bile
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What does emulsifies mean?
force hydrophobic and hydrophilic to work together
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what emulsifies lipids in the chyme?
bile
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What is a small pouch tucked under the liver that stores and secretes bile?
gallbladder
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What is a long gland running transversely beneath the stomach?
pancreas
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the pancreas produces and secretes 5 digestive enzymes. What are they?
- trypsin
- chymotrypsin
- carboxypeptidase
- pancreatic amylase
- pancreatic lipase
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What three digestive enzymes in the pancreas breaks down proteins?
- trypsin
- chymotrypsin
- carboxypeptidase
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What breaks down carbohydrates?
pancreatic amylase
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What breaks down lipids?
pancreatic lipase
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The lining of what develops finger like folds called villi?
jejunum
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What increases surface area of mucosa for completing digestion and absorbing?
jejunum
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What enzyme completes the breakdown of carbohydrates?
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What enzyme completes the breakdown of proteins
pepidases
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once digestion is complete, what can begin?
absorption
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What are absorbed through facilitated diffusion into the capillaries of the villi of the jejunum?
- monosaccharides
- amino acids
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what are broken down into free fatty acids and monoglycerides in the jejunum?
triglycerides
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where do remaining undigested material and wastes begin to solidify?
ileum
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Where is the completion of nutrient absorption and reabsorption of about 90% of water?
ileum
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how long is the large intestine?
5 ft. long
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what is houstra?
series of pouches along the length of the large intestine
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what reabsorbs about the last 10% of water?
large intestine
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what compacts and stores material until it can be removed?
large intestine
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the inner lining of the large intestine is colonized by what?
microorganisms
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What is the function of the urinary system?
- filter the blood
- remove wastes and overabundant materials
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what are the funciton of the kidney?
produce urine by filtering the blood
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What are ureters?
long tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
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what is the urinary bladder?
stores urine
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what is the urethra?
tube that carries urine out of the body from the bladder
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what are the layers of the kidney?
- fibrous capsule-outside
- renal cortex- outer functional layer
- renal medulla- inner functional layer
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What are the renal pyramids?
triangular wedges within the medulla whose tips all point toward the renal hilum
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what is a minor or major tubes that receive the urine from the renal pyramids?
calyces
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what merges at the hilum to form the renal pelvis?
all of the calyces
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what brings blood to and from the kidneys?
- arteries- to the kidney
- veins-away from the kidney
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what is the functional units of the kidneys that are often located at the junction of the cortex and medulla?
nephrons
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how many nephrons are there?
2 million
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what are the 4 regions of nephrons?
- glomerular capsule
- proximal convoluted tubule
- nephron loop
- distal convoluted tubule
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What is a bowl shaped structure that enwraps a glomerulus and collects anything that leaks out of the glomeruls?
glomerular capsule
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what is a long twisted tube off of the glomerular capsule?
proximal convoluted tubule
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what is the u-shaped narrow tube after the PCT?
nephron loop
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What is the long twisted tube at the end after nephron loop?
distal convoluted tubuel
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what is the small artery bringing blood to a glomerulus to be filtered?
afferent arteriole
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what is a bed of capillaries surrounded by glomerular capsule?
glomerulus
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what is the small artery that carries the filtered blood away from the glomerulus?
efferent arteriole
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what is the numerous tiny branches off of efferent arteriole that closely surrounds the nephron?
peritubular capillaries
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The glomerular capillaires have holes in them called what?
fenestrations
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The forcing of materials in the blood through the holes of the glomerular capillaries (fenestrations) is called what?
filtration
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What is in the filtrate of glomerular capsule?
- water
- nitrogenous wastes
- electrolytes
- drugs and toxins
- glucose
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What is not normally in the filtrate of the glomerular capsule?
- white blood cells
- red blood cells
- platelets
- most proteins
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after filtering material out of the blood in the glomerulus, the blood exits through what?
the efferent arteriole
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What describes the blood adding materials to the filtrate?
tubular secretion
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what describes the blood taking back materials from the filtrate?
tubular reabsorption
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the color of urine depends on what?
water levels in the body
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what is the urine made up of?
mostly water with some nitrogenous wastes and electrolytes
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what is the functions of the endocrine system?
- use hormones to regulate the behavior of cells
- used for longer, more gradual changes
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what are organs spread throughout the body that can produce and secrete hormones?
glands
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What secretes their hormones into capillaries for transport?
glands
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What changes in glands?
the rate of secretion of hormones
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What requires receptors on the cell surfaces to be effective?
hormones
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what are the two major types of hormones?
- protein/protein like
- lipid based
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Where is the pituitary gland located?
inferior to the hypothalamus
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The pituitary gland controls other glands, but what actually controls the pituitary?
hypothalamus
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What are the 6 hormones produced and secreted by the pituitary gland in the anterior lobe?
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- prolactin (PRL)
- growth hormone (GH)
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follicle stimulating hormone
target cells
- gonadotropin
- testes-stimulates sperm production
- ovaries-stimulates egg production
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luteinizing hormone
target cells
- gonadotropin
- testes-stimulates sperm production
- ovaries-stimulates ovulation
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thyroid stimulating hormone
target cells
thyroid gland-stimulates release of thyroid hormone
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
target cells
adrenal gland cortex- stimulates the release of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
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prolactin
target cells
- testes-sperm production
- mammary glands- stimulates milk production
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growth hormone
target cells
- bones, muscles, adipose tissue, liver
- stimulates growth and development
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Hypothalamus uses neurons to control this lobe of the pituitary gland and releases two hormones
posterior lobe
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What are the two hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- oxytocin (OT)
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antidiuretic hormone(vasopressin)
target cells
kidneys-stimulates reabsorption of water
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oxytocin (OT)
target cells
- uterus-stimulates contractions
- mammary glands-stimulates release of milk
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