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Assumptions of Labeling Perspective
- Human Nature: relatively good/blank slate
- Social Order: Cultural Conflict
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Who is labeled is due, in part, to the attributes of the individuals and, in part, on the severity of the rule broken.
Status Traits
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Origins in Conflict Theory
Status Traits
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Those who are labeled may experience problems of adjustment which may result in future deviance
Defiance Amplification
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Origins in Symbolic Interactionism
Defiance Amplification
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Severity of crime
Prior Record
Legal Factors
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Race
Gender
Extra-legal Factors
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People who become crusading reformers who seek out and develop new rules by which new forms of deviance are defined and created
Moral Crusaders/Entrepreneurs
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Which scholar believes that labeling of delinquents is due in part to extra-legal factors?
Becker
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Which scholar plays a part in the dramatization of evil and early labeling?
Tannebaum
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The extent to which adult's views harden and children integrate new delinquent self images from negatives reactions from adults
Dramatization of Evil
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Which scholar defines primary and secondary deviance?
Lemert
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Deviance that is neither detected nor punished by anyone in authority
Primary Deviance
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Deviance that evolves from the application and internalization of the label. Serious delinquency.
Secondary Delinquency
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What study proved stronger selection effects?
Smith & Paternoster Study
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-Return to the SI approach
-Focus on developmental process
-Incorporate larger theories
New Labeling
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Cumulative Disadvantage Aspect of what theory?
Sampson and Laub's Age Graded
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Reaction of one person to that person's own punishment
Specific/Individual Defiance
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Reaction of a group of collectivity to the punishment of one or more of its members
General Defiance
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Defiance toward a sanctioning agent
Direct Defiance
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Closely knit communities in which families exert social control: RS & Macro
Communitarism
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Links, attachments and commitments to conventional others: RS & Micro
Interdependency
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An integrated theory in which social control explains primary deviance and labeling explains secondary
Matsuenda & Heimer Differential Theory
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Which scholar is associated with the Conflict paradigm?
Marx
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Assumptions of the Conflict paradigm
- Human nature: inherently good
- Social order: cultural conflict
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Intersection of class and gender in the production of delinquency
Masculinities and Crime
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Capitalist workplace control, parenting practices, gender and class
Power Control
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Stubborn behavior before age 12, then defiance and authority avoidance
Authority Pathway
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Acts before age 15, then property damage and moderate to serious delinquency
Covert Pathway
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Minor aggressive acts, then fighting and severe violence
Overt Pathway
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The study within individual patterns of anti-social behavior and offending over time
Developmental Criminology
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Incorporates elements of social context and social embeddeness on individual development over time
Life Course Criminology
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Which type of criminology is ontogenic?
Developmental
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Which type of criminology is sociogenic?
Life-Course
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Making a statement about the causal nature of a relationship
Causal Interference
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X must be correlated with Y
X related to Y
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Temporal Ordering
X must precede Y
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Correlation between X and Y is not due to another variable
No spuriousness
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Arrangement of events in time
Temporal Ordering
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No direct causal correlation but may appear to be due to a coincidence
Spuriousness
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Punishment that is proportional, certain, severe and swift can marginally deter crime
Deterrence Theory
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Which school involves hedonism and consensus?
Classical School
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Which school is involved with free-will and individual choice?
Classical School
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What is the cause of delinquency according to the classical school?
Legal sanctions
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What is the cause of delinquency according to the positivist school?
Non-legal sanctions
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Which school states that the application of reason to a problem is not enough, and that empirical support is need?
Positivistic School
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Which school believes that forces outside the control of the individual influence delinquent and criminal offending?
Positivistic
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What are the 7 ways of evaluating theory?
- Logical consistency
- scope
- parsimony
- testability
- empirical validity
- social validity
- puzzles
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