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components of communication
- sources
- receivers
- encoding
- decoding
- messages
- channel
- noise
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noise
anything that interferes with the communication process
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channel
medium in which the message circulates
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Attribution Theory
reading meaning into other people's behavior by attributing situational causes
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Cognitive Theory
how information is managed in the mind, how it is organized to specify actions and how interactions with others shape thinking
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visualization techniques
visualize what we need/want and it will come
self-fulfilling prophecy
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demographic factors
socioeconomic characteristics of a population expressed statistically
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Transactional Model
similar to Shannon-Weaver model, but response back and forth
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Shannon-Weaver Model
one way communication
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Trait Theory
messages we produce have something to do with the type of person we are
we may possess traits that either facilitate or hinder message production
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
when inconsistent ideas are brought to our attention, we feel physiological stress and work to reduce the stress
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Accommodation Theory
how individuals in conversation start to mirror one another's behavior over time
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Social Exchange Theory
social behavior is the result of an exhange process in which people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships
if the risks outweigh the rewards, people will abandon the relationship
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Social Constructivist Theory
our knowledge of the world is derived from our interaction
knowledge is socially produced
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rapid thought
listeners can process information at a rate of 500 wpm, while speakers speak only 125 wpm
listeners are prone to their mind wandering
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mnemonic devices
a formula or rhyme used as an aid in remembering
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listening
deliberate process through which we seek to understand and retain information
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hearing
automatically occurring process and requires no conscious effort
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Obstacles to Effective Listening
(rt, mo, cd, gd, n)
- rapid thought
- message overload
- cultural difference
- gender difference
- noise
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ethnocentrism
one's own ethnicity at the center of importance
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ethics
a set of moral standards or principles held by a society, group or individual
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organizational culture
written and unwritten rules, norms and customs that reflect an organization's way of doing things
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ageism
certain age category is inferior to another
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culture
the process of communicating values, beliefs, norms, customs, codes and rules
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anxiety
negative physiological symptoms during any perceived high-risk communicative situation
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co-cultures
cultures alongside the dominant or parent culture
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relativism
people vary in terms of how they think and behave based on what they believe and value
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ethical decisions
(gr, pe, ik, ur, sm)
- The Golden Rule
- The Professional Ethic
- Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative
- The Utilitarian Rule
- The 60 Minutes Test
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How would my actions be judged by my professional peers?
The Professional Ethic
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Could our society continue to function if everyone acted this way?
Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative
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Does this action do the most good for the most people over the greatest period of time?
The Utilitarian Rule
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Would you be comfortable explaining your behavior on a television show?
The 60 Minutes Test
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sexism
one gender is superior to another
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self-concept
stable set of perceptions each of us hold about ourselves
develops from interaction with others
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self-esteem
the prevailing attitude one holds about one's self concept
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perceived self
mental mirror
how we see ourselves
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presenting self
the self we present to fit into a situation or environment
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ideal self
person we wish to be or a person who is self aware and trying to reconcile percieved self, presenting self, and ideal self into a real self
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reflected appraisal
seeing ourselves through the eyes of others as well as in terms of our own images of an ideal self
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perception process
selecting, organizing and interpreting environmental stimuli
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physical constructs
people are classified according to their appearance
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psychological constructs
people are classified according to their mental abilities
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group membership constructs
people are classified according to the groups they belong
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stereotypes
exaggerated generalizations based on a kernal of truth
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Knapp's Stages of Relationship Development {Coming Together}
- initating
- experimenting
- intensifying
- integrating
- bonding
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Knapp's Stages of Relationship Development {Coming Apart}
- differentiating
- circumscribing
- stangating
- avoiding
- terminating
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facilitative emotions
appropriate expression of real emotions
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debilitative emotions
negative emotions that prevent us from relating effectively
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self-disclosure
willingness to share information, attitudes and feelings which give people insight into who we really are
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open self-concept
negotiable self-concept, open to change, constantly evolving
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closed self-concept
nonnegotiable, choices made to reinforce existing image of themselves, close themselves to opportunity, stagnant, living in the past
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open communicator
consistently discloses and regulary seeks feedback
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blind communicator
discloses excessively and rarely seeks feedback
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closed communicator
rarely disclose and rarely seek feedback
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hidden communicator
rarely disclose, but consistently seek feedback
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social comparison
social and personal worth based on how we stack up against others
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perceptual schema
congitive framework that facilitates the categorization of data we receive about others
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role constructs
people classified according to social position
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interaction constructs
social behavior (rude, helpful, friendly)
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perception checking
description of behaviore, multiple interpretations of the behavior and a request for information that can help you interpret the behavior
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Nonlistening
when one pretends to listen
- psuedo listening
- monopolizing
- selective listening
- defensive listening
- ambushing
- literal listening
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counterfeit emotions
when one expresses emotion, but they do not actually decribe what one is feeling
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communication climate
defensive and supportive behaviors lead to negative or positive communication climates
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self-fulfilling prophecy
acting in ways that bring about expectations or judgments of ourselves
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group communication
structured, goal-oriented communication in either a large or small group (3-12 people)
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forming {group development}
small talk
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storming {group development}
conflict
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norming {group development}
norms are determined
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performing {group development}
obstacles are overcome and cohesiveness is achieved
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opening {interview process}
- build rapport
- describe process toward fulfilling the purpose of interview
- reveal timetable for utilizing the results
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body {interview process}
follow a schedule of questions
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closing {interview process}
closure and evalution of interview from each person's perspective
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employment interview
selection interview conducted to evaluate the match between an organization and a potential employee
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patterns of group interaction
- large groups:
- chain or line
- Y
- small groups:
- star
- wheel
- circle
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70/30 Rule
interviewer speaks 30% of the time, while the interviewee speaks 70% of the time, answering questions
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informational interview
used to research a topic and to survey attitudes
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steps in writing and delivering speech
- choose topic
- narrow topic
- research topic
- organize
- present
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informative organizational patterns
(t,s,c)
topical- 3-5 key areas with a running theme
spatial- relies on space, direction or locale
chronological - material arranged according to a sequence in time
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visual aid
add clarity and interest and can act as proof for a major point and helps audience remember your speech
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audience analysis and adaptation
determining whether a topic is suitable for your audience and adapting it, if it is not
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thesis statement
tells the audience what to expect
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persuasive organizational patterns
(ce, ps, mms, ca)
cause-effect - certain events are a result of certain actions
problem-solution- highlights a problem and suggests several possible solutions
Monroe's motivated sequence - established unfulfilled need and then a means of satisfying it
comparative advantages - compares several options and explains why one is superior
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conclusion
two components: a review and memorable ending
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