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high income nations
- nations with the highest overall standards of living
- have a per GDP greater than $12,000
- 72 countries (ex. USA, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada, etc...)
- lie mostly in the Northern Hemisphere
- control the global economy
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low income nations
- nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor
- have a per GDP less than $2,500
- 53 countries (ex. Bangladesh, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, etc...)
- spread across Central and East Africa and Asia
- Hunger, disease, and unsafe housing shape the lives of the world's poorest people
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colonialism
the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political control and economic control of other nations
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2 theories of global stratification
- modernization theory
- dependency theory
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modernization theory
- a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations
- nations achieve affluence by developing advance technology
- encourages innovation and change toward higher living standards
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modernization theory: the role of rich nations
- providing technology to control population size
- increase food production
- introducing machinery and information technology
- providing foreign aid
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modernization theory: critics claim...
- rich nations do little to help poor countries and benefit from the status quo
- b/c rich nations control the global economy, many poor nations struggle to support their people and cannot follow the path to development taken by rich countries centuries ago
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dependency theory
- a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
- neocolonialism
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dependency theory: the role of rich nations
3 key factors (export-oriented economies, a lack of industrial capacity, and foreign debt) make poor countries dependent on rich nations and prevent their economic development
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dependency theory: critics claim...
wrongly treated wealth as if no one gets richer without someone else getting poorer
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absolute poverty
a lack of resources that is life-threatening
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relative poverty
the lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
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poverty and women
- (rich) a lot of the work women do is undervalued, underpaid, or overlooked
- (poor) women faced even greater disadvantages and work under poor or even dangerous conditions
- (poor) in many low-income nations, tradition keeps women out of many jobs
- 70% of the world's 1 billion people living near absolute poverty are women
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types of slavery
- chattel slavery
- slavery imposed by the state
- child slavery
- debt bondage
- servile forms of marriage
- human trafficking
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chattel slavery
one person owns another
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slavery imposed by the state
a government imposes forced labor on people for criminal violations or simply because the government needs their labor
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child slavery
when desperately poor families let their children take to the streets to do what they can to survive
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debt bondage
the practice by which an employer pays wages to workers that are less than what the employers charges the workers for company-provided food and housing
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servile forms of marriage
- families marry off women against their will
- many end up as slaves working for their husband's family; some are forced into prostitution
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human trafficking
the moving of men, women, and children from one place to another for the purchase of performing forced labor
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neocolonialism
a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations
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