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Voltiare (Fr)
- posits that science will replace religion
- that science will soon answer religious question
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Dennis Diderot (Fr)
- normalized knowledge with his Encyclopedia
- problem with bias
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Montesquieu (Fr)
- social world reflects natural world
- (rhythms & regulations)
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France
- center of early modern culture:
- art, lit., Cuisine, Fashion, arch.
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John Locke (Br)
- language is socially manufactured
- (women, 5.5 ft Tall)
- experimental, favors senses
- all knowledge starts in senses
- nothing intellect that didn't first exist in senses
- Gathering data: Primary-measurement, Secondary-sensory
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Edward Gibbon (Br)
similarities of Fall of Roman Empire & contemporary Europe
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William Godwin (Br)
mankind is perfectable, but church and gov. hold it back
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Erasmus Darwin (Br)
- animals change over time
- (Charles Darwin's grandfather)
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Thomas Willis (Br)
- brain physiology (circulation)|
- "Circle of Willis" <----------
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Edinburgh
Center of Scottish Enlightment
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Adam Ferguson (Sc)
- human progress is linear and inevitable
- manufacturing makes man into machine
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David Hume (Sc)
- skeptical, utilitarianist
- Newton described but didn't explain gravity
- 'Treatsie of Human Nature'
- Senses->impression->ideas
- reason alone can't determine truth
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William Cullen (Sc)
studied human neurosis (abnormal mental disorder)
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Adam Smith (Sc)
- 'Wealth of Nations' - we haven't progressed much
- society defined by imports & exports
- state of perfection defined by circulation (productivity)
- role of entrepreneurs is important --> creates jobs
- math & science rationalism into economics
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Thomas Malthus (Sc)
- influenced by Irish potato famine
- Pop. is exponential while food prod. is arithmetical
- pessimistic about future--^
- masses should restrain in procreation
- conditions for poor canNOT be improved
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"The Grand Round"
training of young doctors through diagnosis attempts
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Immanuel Kant (Gr)
- interest in psychology (social, not science)
- the mind filters data and groups data
- sense CANNOT be trusted
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Jean-Jacques Rosseau
- "Noble Savage"
- concept of Tabula Rasa - human mind born without mental content; nurture
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Carolus Linnaeus (Swe)
- classification & taxonomy of Flora & Fauna
- (Flowers & Animals)
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James Watt
more efficient steam engine
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Alessandro Volta
electric battery (portable energy)
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Joseph Priestley
- carbon cycle (animals<>plants; CO2 & O2)
- reason to keep trees
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Michael Faraday
chemistry advancements through separation of chemical with electrical currents
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George Stahl
- theorized combustion concept
- (didn't actually build an combustion engine)
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Jeremy Benthram & David Ricardo
utilitarianism brought into economy theory
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Karl Marx & Fredierich Engels
'Communist Manifest' & 'Das Kapital'
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Charles Dickens
- showed issues of the Factory
- 'Class Consciousness'
- 'Industrial Novel'
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