history

an English statesman and writer loved science. he criticized people for relying too heavily on ancient thinker's ideas. he did experiments to prove things true

lived in France, he used mathematics and logic instead of experiments

studied math and physics at Cambridge, believed that all things were acted upon by the same forces, wrote a book about gravity

made teh first vaccination for smallpow from cowpox.

the founder of modern chemistry, questioned Arisdotle's thoughts that everything is made of four things and siad matter was made of lots of smaller particles

Thought that humans are naturally horrible, and we need a government with total control to keep us in line.

believed that humans can learn from their mistakes and can rule themselves instead of having a silly monarchy, thought that all people had natural rights and government should protect them.

he used his pen name voltaire to protect tolerance reason and freedom of religoin and speech. was sent to jail twice and exiled.

studied political liberty and believed that Britain had the best system with it's separation of powers

believed strongly in personal rights and thought that society trapped humans. the only good goverment was one that was guieded by the general will of society.

he beileved that laws were not to punish poeple for breaking them but to preserve social order

said that women need education to become virtuous and useful and encouraged women to move into fields dominated by men.

Clovis was the ruler of the franks who converted to Christianity and caused many peoples he conquered to convert to Christianity as well.

Charles was essentially the ruler of the Frankish kingdom (in gaul) in AD 700, he helped expand the kingdom.

Pepin the Short cooperated with the Pope, and agreed to fight the Lombards if the Pope declared him king by the grace of God.

Charlemagne was the king of the Frankish Empire, he expanded his empire tremendously, and was crowned “Roman Emperor” by the Pope.

Son of Charlemagne, was an utterly crap ruler and when he died the treaty of Verdun was signed, splitting his empire into three separate kingdoms

Rollo was a Viking leader who was granted a significant piece of land to settle on by Charles the Simple.

He granted land to the Viking leader Rollo in exchange for their loyalty

Declared a holy war on the Muslims

Philip II was a strong king who doubled the land of France by the end of his rule.

he was a saintly king who everyone loved, he strengthened monarchy whilst weakening feudality by instituting royal courts that could overrule local courts if desired.

taught that Jesus was the head of the church, not the pope

he painted Pope Julius the II’s walls with paintings, and he used perspective

He thought that a ruler must be shrewd and craft, and trick his enemies as well as his subjects.

humanist

his realistic lifelike sculptures involving emotions and nude people

created woodcuts and engravings that display religious subjects

He was one of the first to use oil paintings

Tried to show a better society in the book utopia

he is known for “the praise of folly”

John Calvin was a reformist who would bring order to the reforms started by Martin Luther, he taught predestination and that humans are sinful by nature.

he started the Presbyterians after visiting the city run by Calvin.

He started the Jesuit order, and compared religious meditation to physical exercise.

Reached modern day Brazil and claimed the land for his country

claimed the land was not part of Asia but was a “new” world. Americas are named after him

portugese explorer that traveled around southern end of South America and into the waters of the Pacific

marched through modern day panama and was first explorer to gaze at the Pacific Ocean.

he landed on the shores of Mexico in 1519

he conquered the Incan Empire in 1532

claimed modern day Florida for Spain

led an expedition through present day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.

he discovered New York Harbor.

named the river St. Lawrence. Named the island Montreal

founded Quebec known as New France

explored the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi River

explored the lower Mississippi river and claimed the river valley (aka Louisiana) for France

an Englishman in the service of the Netherlands. He sailed for Asia. He sailed West to find a northwest sea route to Asia.

He was a Spaniard who bore the title “the Greek,” he would create paintings with brilliant clashing colors, and would distort the human image to make a symbolic point. Also focused on Christian subjects

Used rich colors to depict the royal family in his job as the court painter.

Created protraits of Middle class merchants, and other group portraits

He did paintings of people doing very average tasks, and in very average enviroments.

Helped France recover from a generation of war

Very weak king, Richelieu essentially ruled for him

He wekened the nobles by forcing them to remove their castles, and he forbade prodestant cities from being walled (in france)

Most powerful ruler of France!

A swede who turned the tide of the thirty years war