Micro Cumulative: UNIT 1

• Bacteria
• Fungi (yeasts/molds)
• Protozoa
• Algaea
• Viruses
• Helminths

Established by Carolus Linnaeus

Two names: Genus + Speccific eptithet(species--always lowercased)

ex: Staphylococcus aureus OR Staphylococcus aureus

• Unicellular prokaryotes (means DNA is NOT in a nuclear membrane)
• Either Baccillus (rodlike), coccus (sphere), spiral (corkscrewed)
• Cell walls: Peptidoglycan (carb + prootein complex)
• Reproduce by binary fission-divide into two equal cells
• Some can photosynthesize, while others get food inorganically.

• Prokaryotic-No peptidoglycan
• 3 groups: methanogens, extreme halophilles (salt lovers) and extreme thermophiles (hotsprings)
• **NOT pathogenic

• Eukayotes
• Uni or multicellular
• cell walls: chitin
• yeast: unicellullar
• mold: reproduce either sexually or asexually

• Unicelluar
• Eukaryotic
• Move with: flagella, pseudopods, cillia
• environments: free living or parasitic
• Some can photosynthesize (euglena)

• Photosyn. Eukaryotes
• usually unicelluar
• cell wall: cellulose (carb)
• Most found: in fresh water, salt water, and soil

ex: spyrogyra, diatoms,

**Produce O2 and carbs for other organisms.

• Accellular o.0
• Either only have DNA or RNA in a lipid membrane (neither euk/pro)
• Reproduce in hosts

multicellular animal parasites

Includes: flat and round worms

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya
• 1.Animalia-Helminths
• 2. Protista: protozoa & algae
• 3. Fungi
• 4. Plants (no microbes)

Bacteria that retain the dye after decolorizing alcohol

-->thicker peptidoglycan cell wall,dye and iodine enter and form CV-I complex-larger molecule than crystal violet molecules that entered, so it cannot leave==> so alcohol does not wash out the dye.

Bacteria that LOSE the dark violet color after decolorization

(safranin must be added to stain these pink to counter the original purple stain so called a "counterstain")

• --> contain layer of lipopolysaccharide as part of cell wall (alcohol wash disrupts this outer layer, and the "CV-I" complex is washed out through the thin layer of petidoglycan)
• -->must be redyed with safranin. :)

Upper respiratory Bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Begins with sore throat and fever, neck swells

• -often affects throat(pharynx) and larynx (voicebox)
• -creates a pseudomembrane of fibrin, dead tissue and bacterial cells that clogs throat/air passage

• Microbe: Corynbacterum diphteriae
• --> gram positive
• --> non-endospore-forming rod
• --> cell arranged: palisades

• DTap Vaccine: for children, "D" stands for Diphtheria toxoid (inactivated toxin) that allows body to make antibodies against diphtheria.
• --> "Toxoid vaccine" based on inactivated exotoxin

Tdap booster: teens and adults (combined with tetanus shots)

Droplet transmission; resistant to drying (coughing, sneezing, talking)-also skin contact with humans

• Toxic proteins secreted by bacteria;
• produces strains that cause disease.
• Related bacteria are present on skin and are not pathogenic.

• Suffocation/death-children mostly
• Heart/peripheral nerve damage

Diagnose: throat swab culture; PCR (polymerase chain reaction-method to make many DNA copies) to grown and study

treatments: Antibiotics & antitoxins (penicillin/erythromycin)

Whooping cough; damages cilliated cells in respiratory system

• -paralyzes the cilliated cells
• -cause inflammation
• -impairs immune response

• caused by Bacterium "Bordetella pertussis"' obligatory aerobic
• gram negative
• coccobacillus

Transportation: respiratory droplets (coughing/sneezing)

First Stage (catarrhal stage) resembles common cold- coughing, sneezing, low fever (100 deg F)

Second Stage (Paroxysmal stage): severe prolonged coughing fits, may make "whoop" sounds; difficult to cough up phlegm when cilliated cells are destroyed.

Third stage: coughing eventually become less frequent and less severe (convalescence)

• -break ribs
• -brain damage/death in babies by coughing
• -pneumonia

Diagnosis: culturing bacteria (swab and identify)

• 1. First stage: give antibiotics
• 2. second stage:
• 3. DTaP: subunit of pertussis (begins at 2 months old, given 3 shots total)
• 4. Boosters for teens
• 5. Tdap: adults
• 5. Vaccine rate: 93% herd immunity (reduced chance of infection of vulnerable individuals if a certain high percentage of individuals in the populations are vaccinated or immune.)

• 1. Dna has no enclosed membrane
• 2. lack membrane enclosed organelles
• 3. cell walls are complex polysacharide peptidoglycan
• 4. Divide with binary fission

• 1.Has nucleus to sep dna from cytoplasm
• 2. have many membrane enclosed organeles
• 3. chemically simple cell walls.
• 4. cell division: mitosis.

BOTH have it!

similarities: phospholipid bilayer with proteins, separates cells from outside

Differences: not applicable

• Prokaryote:
• Bacteria has peptidoglycan;
• Archea-Pseudopeptidoglycan

• Eukayotes:
• Fungi: Chitin
• Plants&Algae: Cellulose

Similarities: structural support, resists bursting, made of polysaccharides

Differences: Chemical composition; some eukaryote do lack cell walls

Prokaryotes: Circular, only one chromosome in "nucleoid" region

Eukaryotes: Linear, variable number of chromosomes/associated with histone protiens

• Similarities: Made of DNA
• Differences: Different (?) and organization

• Prokaryote: NONE
• Eukaryote: Present :D

**THIS IS THE DIFFERENCE**

Prokaryote: Rotational motion in Bacteria

Eukaryote: whiplike in animals

• Similarities: Locomotion
• Differences: Diff type of motion & chem compositon

• Prokaryote: Present
• Eukaryote: Present, some associated with RER

• Similarities: Protein synthesis
• Diffs: prok have smaller ribosomes

• Prokaryote: NOT PRESENT,
• Eukaryote: Rough ER, Mitochondria, Golgi Body, lysosomes, chloroplast

• Similarities:None.
• Differences: Prok lack; euk often have several membrane bound organelles

• Firmly attached to cell wall (made of glycolax-gelatinous polymer)
• -protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis :(

• another type of glycolax;
• Loose, thinner, flexible attached to cell
• -Helps bacteria attach to surface

Resting structures formed by some bacteria, allows for survival during adverse environmental conditions (dry conditions)

• Characteristics:
• very little water
• resistant to heat, uv rays and disinfectants

• Components: cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ribosomes, peptidoglycan, spore coat (protein) and dipicolinic acid

Locations: terminal(very end), central and subterminal (almost end)

ex: clostridium tetani

• 1. DNA is replicated
• 2. Endospore forms when plasma membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and spore coat surround DNA
• 3. endopsore is related as vegative cell disintegrates

"germination": return of endospore to it's vegetative state

• 1. calibrate by increasing or decreasing temp
• 4. spermination
• 5. Pasteurization, canned food: get rid of botchulism endospores

a glycocalyx that helps cells in biofilm attach to target environment and allow bacteria to survive

• Nuclear envelop attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• --surface for chem reactions and transport network.
• --RER: protein synthesis/transport

flattened sacs (cisterns); fuctions in membrane formation & protein secretions

form by golgi complexes; store digestive enzymes

memb enclosed cavities; give rigidity to plant cells

• primary ATP site production;
• contain 70S ribosomes & dna.-multiply by binary fission

polymer consisting of NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) & NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid) and short amino acid chains; penicillin interferes with this wall

--in gram positive cell walls; crystal violet combines with peptidoglycan but decolorizer removed the lipid outer memb of gram negative bacteria and washes out crystal violet.

Gram neg walls: thin peptidoglycan layer and a lipopolysaccharide-lipoprotien-phospholipid layer (-.-)

• -MUCH more complex-Thin layer of peptidoglycan
• -LPS (lipopolysaccaride)
• -Porins
• -Periplasms with chemoreceptors: gel like fluid between outer membrane and the plasma membrane
• -NO teichoic acids;

• OUTER membrane: contains LPS, lipoprotiens and phospholipids
• --gives wall strong neg charge
• --provides barrier to antibiotics, digestive enzymes,and dyes
• --Porins: channels allow nucleotides, amino acids

• -Many layers of peptidoglycan
• -Thick ridgid structure
• -teichoic acids: alcohols (glycerol) and phosphate; gives wall antigenic specificity to allow group into "gram pos" cells

-Based on differences between cell wall structure (type of differential stain)

Crystal violet (primary) stain both cells

Iodine: forms large crystals with dye that are TOO large to escape through wall

Alcohol: dehydrates peptidoglycan of gram positive cells and make it more impermeable to crytal violet-iodine. BUT on gram negative: the alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of gram negative cells and even leaves small holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer SO THAT crystal-violet-iodiine leaves!

This is why safranin must be added to stain gram negative cells (turn them red)--contrasting stain

• Composed of NAG & NAM
• -NAG: N-acetylglucosamine
• -NAM: N-Acetylmuramic acid

• Rod/bacillus: cylinders
• coccus: sphere
• spiral: spirillium (w/flagella) or spirochete (axial filaments-rotate)
• star
• pleiomorphic: many shapes (corynebacterium diphtheriae-cause diphtheria)
• coccobacilillus

• the ways cell stick together:
• 1. strepto: chains of cells
• 2. tetrad: group of 4 cells
• 3. stahylo: grape like clusters
• 4. palisade: picket fence
• 5. diplococcus: two circle oo

• a. nutrient storage:
• --> ex: polysaccharides granules for store starch
• --> lipid inclusions store lipids
• -->sulfur bacteria store sulfur as energy source

• b. metachromatic granules with phosphate (turn red): inorganic phosphate storage
• --> used to diagnose Corynebacterium diphtheriae

c. magnetosomes: contains iron compounds, use to orignet to magnetic fields

Pili: straight, hairlike, gene transfering

Fimbria: straight hairlike for attachment ex: neisseria gonorrheae

long appendages that propel bacteria

monotrichous: single flagellum at one pole

Peritrichous: flagella distributed over entire cell

amphitrichous: flagella at both poles of the cell

flagellin: protein that is the main component of the filament

• Main parts of flagella:
• Basal Body-anchored the whole flagellum to the cell wall and PM
• Hook: rotates
• filaments

-Community of bacteria; form at liquid-solid interfaces; slime layer (extracellular polymeric substance-EPS:helps bacteria attach to surfaces)

-protected from antibodies and antibiotics; wbc's create inflammation

-found: teeth, rock in a pond, pet's waterdish

• advantages of biofilm:
• prevents dehydration
• share nutrients
• protection from host immune system (antibodies or wbc phagocytosis)

• 1. Protective barrier
• 2. Physically remove them

• Bacteria organize into communities using chemical communication to make biofilms,
• disruption will allow for prevetnion

removes water; convalently link molecules (CONDENSATION)

ADD water to break apart two covalently linked molecules

• 1. carbs
• 2. Lipids
• 3. Proteins
• 4. Nucleic acids

Functions: energy source/storage, carbon source and part of cell structure

• -Composed of C,H,O
• -Hydrophillic (waterloving)

-Sacchardies

-Monosaccharides: hexose, pentose

-Disaccharides: lactose (glucose+galactose) and sucrose/canesugar (glucose and fructose)

-Polysaccharides: cellulose (plant/algae cell walls), starch (energy storage), petidoglycan (bacterial cell walls)

Fn: energy storage, cell memb components

Structure: C,O,H and sometimes P & S

-HydroPHOBIC (dont dissolve)

Triglycerides: 3 carbon glycerol + 3 Hydroxyl (OH) groups

Fatty acids: C-H chain + carboxyl group at the end

saturated fatty acids: only single bonds b/w carbons (fats: butter and shortening)

Unsaturated: double or triple bonds give it a kink (oils)

Phosoplipids: two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group + "R" group (hydrophillic)

Sterols: 4 connected carbon rings, not composed of fatty acids, hydrophoics

FN: cell structure (flagella, cytoskeleton, enzymes, chem signals)

exotoxins: transporters in cell membranes (botulism toxin)

• Amino acid: building block of proteins:
• --> amino group (NH2)
• --> carboxyl group (COOH)
• --> R group connected to central carbon

Peptide bonds: created by dehydration synt. b/w 2 amino acides; spacial type of covalent bond

Peptide: short chain of amino acids; Polypeptides (structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sturcture)

DNA: genetic code/template fro protein making

RNA: helps make proteins

• Nucleodtide has 3 parts:
• 1. 5C sugar (ribose/deoxyribose)
• 2. Phosphate backbone(PO₄^2-)
• 3. Nitrogenous base (can form H bonds)

• DNA bases: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
• RNA bases: uracil instead of thyamine

ATP (adenosine triphosphate): function as energy "currency"; stores and provides chemical energy, made out of ribose, adenine and 3 phosphates linked together.

• A. Temperature
• B. Liquid water-with vapor
• C. pH: most enjoy neutrality; peptones used as buffer salts in mediums
• D. Nutrients: Carbon (auto/hetero) or Electrons (Chemotrophs)
• E. Oxygen levels or Lack of it (need a balance)

• Minimum: lowest temp at which species will grow.
• Optimum: best temperature for growth.
• Max: highest temp at which growth is possible.

• Likes 0-20 deg C
• 15= optimum

• -cold-loving microbes
• -found in oceans/polar regions.
• -unlikely to spoil food

Grow slowly at low temps but optimum from 20-30

-Responsible for food spoilage; grow well at refrigerator temps though cold temps slow down reproductive rates.

Optimum: 20-40 deg temps "middle" (room)

• -moderate-temperature loving microbes
• -live in terrestrial/aquatic areas, plants & animals
• - may cause disease: likes body temp of host

Optimum: 40 degs Celsius and higher

• - heat-loving microbes
• -endospores: fromed by these bacteria; may survive heat treatments given to canned foods.
• -found: hot spring run offs; compost piles
• ex: Thermus aquaticus: yellowstone

Extrememophiles!

• Optimum: Higher than 80 deg C (boiling/acidic water)
• Domain: Archaea; different from bacteria (don't denature)

ex: Sulfolobus (yellowstone)

• Bacteria tolerant to acidity
• -Molds: pH 5; Lactobacillus bacteria

Salt-loving

--> osmotic pressure: loss of water causes plasmolysis (shrinkage); imp b/c inhibits cell growth and preserve food

Extreme halophiles/obligate(require) vs. Faculatative halophiles (don't require but won't hurt either)

Carbon

Oxygen: obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes, obligate anaerobes

Nitrogen :Dna & RNA synthesis; nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria (anabaena)

Sulfur: synthesize vitamins-biotin, thiamine

Phosphorous: ATP synthesis; nucleic acids and phosopholids of cell membranes

Use Oxygen; extract more energy from nutrients than anaerobes.

• a.Obligate/Strict Aerobes: MUST have it.
• --> disadvantaged b/c not much oxygen in water

b. Microaerophilic: uses small amounts

• a. Obligate: bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy yielding reactions; require oxygen to live
• ex: clostridium (known for botulism & tetanus)

b. Aerotolerant: cant use oxygen for growth, but can tolerate it.

-ferment carbs to lactic acid. ex: lactobacillus makes pickles/cheese

Forms water to remove oxygen

Bacteria that have developed or retained the ability to continue growing WITHOUT oxygen.

microbe communities; in slime (matrix of polysaccharides with DNA/proteins)

• -quorum sensing: allows bacteria to coordinate activity and group together
• ex: plaque, pond rocks

• -work cooperatively on same task
• -primitive circulatory systems: incoming nutrients and waste channels
• -1000x More resistant to microbicides; form on medical devices
• -protected by antibodies, WBC phagocytosis and antibiotics

Preventions: block quorum sensing, incorporate antimicrobial into possible biofilm surfaces; must physically remove them

Shows binary fission (bacteria) or mitosis (fungi) reproduction

• a. Lag Phase: Preping/intense activity; no increase
• b. Log Phase: exponential increase
• c. Stationary Phase: equilibrium (deaths balance new cell production)
• d. Death phase: decreasing population

Phototrophs: use lights a primary energy souce

chemotrophs: depend on oxidation-reduction reactions of inorganic/inorganic compounds for energy.

• Autotrophs (self feeders: use CO2)
• --> litotrophs(rock eaters)

• Heterotrophs (use organic carbon source)
• --> organotrophs