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that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public

outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime

Its Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling the Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), which had held that people of African descent could not be citizens of the United States.

passed after the Civil War with the effect of limiting the civil rights and civil liberties of blacks. Even though discrimination laws against blacks existed in both Northern and Southern states from the early 19th century, the term "Black Codes" is used most often to refer to legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor and movement of newly-freed slaves.

African-American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the US African-American community.

decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".

(1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education

U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) in 1865–1872, but it was very weak by 1870 during the Reconstruction era of the United States

metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" into a harmonious whole with a common culture

a minority group's adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture

the favoring of the interest of native-born people over the interest of immigrants

system that sets limits on how many immigrants from various countries a nation will admit each year

smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society

World War II internment in "War Relocation Camps" of about 110,000 people of Japanese heritage who lived on the Pacific coast of the United States. The U.S. government ordered the internment in 1942, shortly after the Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.

The push factor involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place and the pull factor is what draws them to a new location.

a period of mass starvation, disease and emigration between 1845 and 1852.[1] It is also known, mostly outside Ireland, as the Irish Potato Famine

an economic system in which private individuals and corporations control ways of production and use them to earn points

1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices

July 2, 1890, §§ 1–7) is a landmark federal statute on United States competition law passed by Congress in 1890. It prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anti competitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation.

1935; foundation statute of US labor law which guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary.

list or register of entities who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition. As a verb, to blacklist can mean to deny someone work in a particular field, or to ostracize a person from a certain social circle.

refers to reform-minded journalists who wrote largely for popular magazines, continued a tradition of investigative journalism reporting, and emerged in the United Statesafter 1900 and continued to be influential until World War I, when through a combination of advertising boycotts, dirty tricks and patriotism, the movement, associated with the Progressive Erain the United States, came to an end

1) promoting morality,2) encouraging democracy and fairness (including economic fairness), and 3) encouraging efficiency.

a series of domestic economic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They involved presidential executive orders or laws passed by Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform

hat is Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

a period of general fear of communists

A credit system by which payment for merchandise is made in installments over a fixed period of time.

• Farm failures
• Too many poor people
• Bank failures
• The stock market crash

was a Scottish-American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century.

was an American industrialist and philanthropist. He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy

a process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements that regulate working conditions.

used often by Herbert Hoover during his time as president. It refers to the idea that each individual should be able to help themselves out, and that the government does not need to involve itself in people's economic lives nor in national economics in general